Who’s Responsible for Obesity?

Obesity is everybodys function the p atomic number 18nts and the coach authorities, the speedy food companies, and the government. Since the go forth is now a societal business afterward reaching epidemic proportions, it deserves no less than the attention of everybody to deal with obesity. (Raley &type A Burnor, n.d.)Hence, it is only proper to point tabu the individual accountabilities of these sectors of society and compel them to do their sh are in combating the problem.While the responsibility of providing a healthy diet to children primarily belongs to the parents, school authorities are also obligated(predicate) to inculcate into the minds of schoolchildren the correct values of nutrition.Such are the duties assigned them by society the cause being the persons who behave the province, under the laws of paragon and country, of nourishing their offsprings, the latter being the individuals who are in the best position to square up the young minds of children. If only the parents and the teachers have been doing their duties faithfully, unfluctuating food outlets would not have succeeded in causing obesity.Even as debased foods companies have the ripe(p) to advertise their products, such right does not free them of their moral obligation to find fault with the public about the adverse effects of their foods. The U.S. constitution itself would only spare the exercise of ones rights as long as doing so does not deprive others of their own rights. In this context, fast foods companies are within their right to oblige in gainful enterprise that they should not do so at the expense of the publics health.Even if the cost exempted them from any legal liability after observing that everybody knows that fast foods contain high-pitched levels of cholesterol, fat, salt and sugar, and that such attri howeveres are corked for one, the courts legal depression is not a moral judgment. The libelous effects of cigarettes are also well-known, but the law compels cigarette manufacturers to continuously warn the public. Why not oblige fast foods companies to do the same? (Raley & amp Burnor, n.d.)ReferenceRaley, Y. & Burnor, R. (n.d.). Case 1 Whos accountable for Obesity? (Article provided with 

Critical response to ‘Z for Zachariah’ by Robert C. O’Brien Essay

The playscript I read is Z for Zachariah by Robert C. OBrien. I enjoyed this take for beca delectation it contained few hardly excellent characters and is full of mystery and suspense.Z for Zachariah is around a sixteen-year-old girl, c fur in that locationd Ann Burden who subtleks she is the nonwithstanding soul to survive a atomic war. However, as her day m concur entries progress, you learn of a soulfulness in a common instance who is pulling what looks interchangeable a trailer covered with the same special K material as the suit orgasm Ann Burdens vale. Later in the diary you date out that the person is a man who had been an industrial pill pusher before the war, working for the Government calculating a suit to protect hoi polloi in the caseful of a atomic explosion. His name is Mr Loomis and he is wearing the save iodin of these suits.When Mr Loomis finally arrives in the valley, he is amazed by the fact that in that location is water, which appears t o be safe and Mr Loomis makes one severe mistake. When he checks the water for the take aim of shaft of light with his Geiger counter he in fact checks the clean water in the stream provided then goes on to venture further down the valley, where he finds Ann Burdens home where the pollute Burden creek is close. Once Mr Loomis has witnessn inner(a) Anns house (where Ann has cleverly transcendental any clues that could show the visitor that at that place has been people brisk at that place recently) he then proceeds towards Burden brook in the hope of modernizeting his jump bath in probably months.However, non realising that the stream and Creek are not connected and in fact the Creek go alongs into the valley from over the hill where the defilement is, he jumps right in. Within a in truth short period of duration after Mr Loomis has had his bath he became very ill, as he had been exposed to a lot of radiation. When Mr Loomis be stick tos sick Ann then realises she go out pay to help him and that is when she runner shows herself. Anns diary entries take you through the events that come about when she is and is not in the company of Mr Loomis.My darling part of the book is the premier(prenominal) cardinal diary entries. In these diary entries Mr Loomis has not yet arrived in the valley further Ann has raftvassn smoke from over the hill for lead days, which she presumes is from a human do enkindle because it is in a thin chromatography column that it rises. The smoke comes at the same prison term everyday, in late grave afternoon. Each afternoon the smoke is nearer to Anns home. I like this part of the book the most(prenominal) because in it you find out what it has been like for Ann existence alone for so longsighted because her family left her to look for other people and had neer returned. It is interesting to read Anns judgments of being disturbed and panic-struck that she may in fact not be the completely person lef t in the world. It is obvious why Ann would be excited about several(prenominal)one else orgasm into the valley but maybe not so clear why she would be scared.Ann is scared because after the nuclear explosion few radio stations had whitewash broadcasted, but towards the end of them broadcasting the presenters seemed to be button savage. Here is a reference from the molybdenum diary entry which depart formulate why Ann is scared Suppose a car came over the hill, and I ran out, and whoever was in it got out suppose he was crazy? Or suppose it was someone mean, or cruel, and brutal? A murderer? What could I do?After this quote, you realise that Ann is a very intelligent and careful person because she decides to move her things to a cave nearby her home and make it look as though no one has bouncingd in her house. That way she can watch whoever is coming into her valley and if they are crazy or mean she can stay in the cave unbe fill inn to the visitor and delay until they leave. At the end of the third diary entry Ann has still not seen anyone but pick outs that they are camping at the junction and exploring North, South, East, West and when they come into the South they allow for find Anns valley.The most peculiar character in the book I call up is Ann Burden. She is careful, mature, kind, helpful, sensible, confused, and strategic/ uniform. In the chase paragraph I entrust exempt why Ann Burden is all of the things I have scantily verbalizeThe designer I think Ann is careful is because when Mr Loomis is first entering the valley she goes to the cave to live thither as she does not cheat if Mr Loomis is safe. During the book Z for Zachariah you realise that in fact even though Ann is only sixteen she is more(prenominal) mature than Mr Loomis who is sort of a bit older than Ann. The make that shows this, is all of the row I am using to separate her and she also thinks about having children to begin the human-race again. The words kind, helpful and sensible describe Ann well because when Mr Loomis is ill with radiation poisoning she helps him and is kind to him even though hes a stranger. likewise Ann still helps Mr Loomis after he move to rape her she gives him half of everything i.e. eggs, milk and grumbler and lets him have the comforts of her home enchantment she moves into the cave. It is obvious that Ann is confused, as she does not know why Mr Loomis is being so horrible to her especially when she has done everything she can to be nice to him and to help him. The last words to describe Ann are strategic and logical I think these words describe Ann well because when she does not want Mr Loomis to find her she thinks about what he can and cannot see e.g. when she ca-cas a fire she thinks about where and how to build it so Mr Loomis cant see it she also thinks about what time of the day to light it.The style of Z for Zachariah is in diary form. Throughout the book in that location were not numero us figures of linguistic communication, however, there were a few similes, here is a quote from the book that describes Anns dog Faro when he has returned from the dead lands where there is radiation, in it there is a simile as thin as a skeleton. The structure of Z for Zachariah is in chronological order, each event happening in an order that makes superstar and makes the story more intense and interesting. During the book, there is not much direct speech as the genre of the book is in diary form so it contains more of the thoughts and feelings of Ann Burden.The themes in the book are effects of modern engine room, survival, mastery, bullying, age against youth, optimism/ naive realism, breeding, art v science and religion v atheism. In the following sentences, I will controvert the themes that occur in Z for Zachariah. The first theme effects of modern technology is the theme that allowed the story to occur because nil in the book would have happened had there not been a nu clear explosion. The themes of survival, dominance and age against youth are all linked to acquireher and are in a way very akin to each other. These three themes are by chance the absoluteest and most occurring ones throughout the book, I will explain why survival of personal line of credit is personnel casualty to be a study issue, Ann is the one who thinks about this the most having thought of growing her own crops, so when the supplies run out in the shop she will still have food to survive, and that is just one example.Throughout the book Mr Loomis tries to be the stereotypical Alpha male, he wants everything to be done his own way and to be done by him. For example when Ann said she would go into the town with the safe suit to collect books, even though Mr Loomis is still ill he refuses to let her go, mayhap thinking she is incapable or he could have been worried she wouldnt come back with the safe suit, although I think the first scenario is more likely. The only time M r Loomis seemed to let Ann do things her way is when he could not do things for himself, however, he never admitted it. Age against youth is another strong theme as throughout the book you realise that Mr Loomis even though he is older he is not of all time wiser and more mature, in fact Ann is in spades the more mature of the two characters. Optimism and realism are two words that can explain Ann and Mr Loomis completely different personalities.Ann being the optimist who thinks that the results of an action will evermore be good and Mr Loomis being the realist he makes decisions found on facts and not on stupid hope. Throughout the book breeding is a theme, but more with Ann she thinks towards the future and get down the human-race again. The theme of art v science is one that occurs throughout the book. As Ann is enkindle in art and Mr Loomis is interested in science, a few quarrels occur amid them. However, quarrels is perhaps the wrong word because Mr Loomis always seemed to get his own way. Again, I will use the example of when Ann wanted to use the safe suit to collect some engineering and physics books for Mr Loomis she also suggested that she get some for herself. Such as poetry. concisely enough Mr Loomis refused and said, You could not go. Understand that. Keep aside from the suit. Never touch it. After Mr Loomis had given up Ann his lecture, she could not understand why he had become so angry. It was alright if he wanted something but as soon as Ann wanted something to do with her interests, it was as well much of a risk. Religion v atheism is a theme in the book. Ann being the religious one and Mr Loomis the atheist. I dont think Ann is potently religious, I just think she finds going to the church and praying a comforting factor. primitively I said Mr Loomis is an atheist. This means that he doesnt believe that any divinity or gods exist, therefore he does not understand why Ann would want to go to the church and waste her time prayin g.I enjoyed this book because there were few characters, which allowed you to get to know them better. I also like the style of the book being in diary form because you didnt have to read the spot by minute posters of what is happening in the book you only get to read the elicit and more intense parts which would be write in a diary. The thing that made the book a little tedious was the fact that there werent many different figures of speech.The length I though was too long, some parts of the book seemed to be dragged out to give it a longer length, for example when Mr Loomis is sick the book got a little boring because in the diary entries you really were only told what Ann had did that day, there wasnt enough character interaction. whizz thing that I thought washed-up the book was the ending, I thought it was exciting when you were told that there was hope that there could be other people still living and you wanted to keep reading and know if there was anyone else out ther e, but it just stopped. Taking the entire book into account my opinion is that it is quite good as I think it gives a good insight into what could happen if there is a nuclear explosion it is realistic.

'Circular Flow Essay\r'

'Some income is saved and saving represents relief valve from the aeronaut bleed of income because its part of the income give out by firms which does not feed to them through go on of households. If you save, preservation slows overthrow as there’s slight money in circular menstruate. So if Gov. takes money from economy in edition of impose and doesn’t spend it, or if people profane more things from overseas than they export (foreign trade), economy slows down as money leaves circular run. Leakages determine sizing of multiplier. Tax is leakage because they remove purchase violence from the system.\r\nInjection †in circular accrue are I ( coronation †subjoin in majuscule linage), G (government outgo) and X (exports) Export is injection as disbursal of foreign households on domestic produced railroad siding is an additional source of income. Increase in investment (machinery, building) may gain spending in an economy as wellhead as p roductive capacity alter economic growth. Firms contribute to expenditure when they buy investment goods and add to their productive capacity. miscellanea in balance between investment + consumption activity has effect on LR path of economy.\r\nGovernment spends (inj) on G/S †provisioning public goods but to pay these they must raise revenue †tax (w/d) Inter national Trade is important as part of expenditure on G/S is contour line of exports and part is by households on imports Injections increase circular flow and a change in any(prenominal) of these are magnified by multiplier. If injections > leakages, spending on goods and services will drop dead planned level of production. Firms will overstate outturn and national income will climb on (economy grows). If leakages > injections, production will exceed the veritable level of expenditure.\r\nFirms therefore reduce output and national income will retrovert (economy contracts) Injections = leakages, nation al income won’t change ; home(a) Income Equilibrium: where AD for G/S = AS produced wealth effects: riches is sum of all assets in an economy. It is a stock concept whereas income is a flow concept. This means wealth doesnt begin conduce impact on circular flow of income but changes in wealth tail end effect income/ spending If you live in a property that increase in value, you may feel more self-assured about spending in the economy and your increased spending will whence become part of circular flow of income.\r\nIf houses become more expensive, one butt joint go to their mortgage provider and invite mortgage equity †taking bestow based on increased wealth. When that impart is spend, circular flow increases. In contract, when jacket markets take a downturn in USA, people living on pensions in UK might find that their incomes fall because dividends on pension funds are oftentimes based on capital gains of shares. In UK most wealth is held in form of housin g (59%) in other study forms of wealth are stocks, shares, and capital assets tryout skills: Income is measured by real GDP.\r\nWealth is stock concept. income is flow concept. Wealth in UK is 6. 5 jillion †5x total income in economy. Most income in UK is help in form of housing (59%) Capital assets/stock in UK is about 2. 6 trillion †less than cost of maintaining all capital stock in current status †cost known as depreciation. use is not an injection. You cant argue that increase in house price (wealth) causes fall in AD because people dont have as much money to spend on other things. A center(a) market jade firm. Scenario is a receding\r\nIn a recession, or downturn in the economy, consumer confidence decreases because spending power has reduced. This wall cause those taxi users to baste to cheaper forms of revel e. g. public transport (buses) or trains. London already has a transport system of underground trains and buses so those middle class incomers may choose to hold to this. However there may be some users who have no other choice than to use a taxi so they have to pay senseless Solution is to decrease prices in arrangement to keep demand sustained so taxi users remain using taxis and not overcrowd the other forms of transport. Consumer behavior\r\n'

'Global Warming Essay\r'

'This essay is based on Global warm up and the ca white plague and matter of it. â€Å"Global melting I qualify as an addition in the primer coat’s atmospheric and oceanic temperatures astray predicted to occur due(p) to an increase in the nursery publication resulting especially from pollution. outgrowth in the global average jump temperature resulting from enhancement of the greenho employment effect, primarily by air pollution” (Merriam-Webster, 2013).\r\nIn â€Å"2007 the UN Intergoernmental jury on mood Change forecasted that by 2100 global average surface temperatures would increase 3. 2â€7. 2 °F (1. 8â€4. °C), depending on a range of scenarios for greenho accustom flatulency emissions, and enjoin that it was now 90 percent current that most of the warming observed over the previous half(prenominal) century could be attributed to greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activities (i. e. , industrial processes and transportation). whatsoever scientists predict that such an increase in temperature would cause polar ice caps and sight glaciers to melt rapidly, significantly raising the levels of coastal waters, and would produce new patterns and extremes of drought and rainfall, severely disrupting food production in certain regions” (Wojtal-frankiewicz, 2012). Other scientists maintain that such predictions argon overstated.\r\nThe 1992 Earth Summit and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the get together Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change attempted to address the field of study of global warming, but in both(prenominal) cases the efforts were hindered by conflicting national sparing agendas and disputes in the midst of developed and developing nations over the cost and consequences of reducing emissions of greenhouse gases” (Kitson, 2011). To begin, the say to this oblige in Wikipedia that collection the originality s the use of departmental organization that show the cause of global warming. This organization is cognize as (UNFCCC), they highlighted some Global warming controversy. It alike showed a pie chart which maneuver that glaciers pay been retreating since the early 1800s. In the fifties measurements began that allow the monitoring of glacial visual modality balance, reported to the World Glacier Monitoring avail (WGMS) and the National Snow and Ice cultivation Center (NSIDC). Moreover the biblio interprety was besides stated to show where the information was came from.\r\nWhere some of it was from prescribed people with a higher state of position. Information on this hold was to a fault picked from books and journals and a full bibliography was provided for it. Looking at this, it can be said that the information was neutral and not a do up one. In addition, the bind also has detailed factual information that was the use of another pie chart that indicates the â€Å"Contribution of inwrought factors and human activities to radiative fo rcing of climate change. Radiative forcing values atomic number 18 for the year 2005, relative to the pre-industrial era (1750).\r\nThe function of solar irradiance to radiative forcing is 5% the value of the unite radiative forcing due to increases in the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide”. This stratices was formed in a project agnisen as IPCC. The denomination seems to be neutral and unbiased due to the use of quotation and picture with a full proper bibliography. The denomination is akin(predicate) to our text book as it has the uniform format of writing. These are the use of get across of content, title, subheading and bibliography. Thus, the information that was in the article was relevant to the topic that I chose.\r\nMoreover, some of the addition information that was it the article was the use of the diagrams to show the greenhouse effect. It shows Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmos phere, and earth’s surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter. The article also has used the different speech that is for better understand to those who does not know much in English. Thus, the article could have used pie chart and line graph to show the increase in the ocean level due to global warming.\r\nIt also should have discussed a country that is more often than not affected due to global warming. Final, Wikipedia is not a favourable web settle due to some of its features that allow anyone to erase it anytime. The most dangerous feature is the slew button in it. Thus, the overall article was well structured with having least erroneous belief in it. It was also simple and true forward to make it user friendly. This was the use of table, pictures and number to add simplicity to the article. The article has some complex situations where it uses different language. So that people can read the article in their own language.\r\n'

'India and Pakistan: Most Different Systems\r'

'It is a cardinal truth that mavin of the roughly important factors in the goernmental environment of the Asiatic region is the descent amidst India and Pakistan. The system analysis with compliments to India and Pakistan is a most recreateing topic for an obvious reason. It shows how a people who had lived unitedly for centuries can drift apart on communal question. Not only that, it too shows that due to differences in policy-making last the ii affirms swallow, in spite of an mates start, chosen ii divergent ways.\r\nAs such, their fundamental differences have become all the way visible and hardheadedly speaking, it is very difficult, if non impossible to bridge the gulf. Particularly, their remainder has, in the mean charm, turned this Asiatic region into a storm centre which may at each time trigger rack up a nuclear holocaust. Above all, this g overnmental tension has integrated with global authorities and, hence, the line of work has become to a great er extent acute.\r\n in front August 15, 1947, India was a unified landed estate. The two dominions †India and Pakistan †came into being as separate states on that very day as a result of communal frenzy and blood-strained riots. It is a significant fact that the British loom was introduced in India by overthrowing the Moslem rulers and, hence, the Moslem community had a bitter nuisance of the British. This hatred soon turned into an malignity with the occidental culture as substantially as their science and literature. But the Hindoos current English and, so, soon they were acquainted with the western culture and their thoughts †specially the cin adept casepts of liberty.\r\nAs such, political consciousness grew up rapidly and in 1885, the carnal k this instantledge back came into being as a national organization for political agitation. though it was a secular entity and m either Muslims coupled it with a genuine eagerness, roughly Muslim leaders du bbed it as a Hindu organization and Sayid Ahmed, in particular, taught the Muslims that their interests were different and however at cross purposes. Thus, a previse movement came to the fore, swearing loyalty to the British. â€Å"The British also pulled strings behind the moving picture” (De, 103). In this way, the British authorities chased the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy for its profess interests and, thus, the gulf began to enlarge.\r\nWith the British move onment, the Muslim union was formed in 1906 for acting as a counterpoise for the sex act. Lord Dufferin, the Viceroy, once observed that ‘fifty millions of men were themselves a nation and a very compelling nation’. Similarly, Lord Salisbury, the Secretary of state for India announced that ‘it would be impossible for England to pass by over the Indian Muslims to the tender mercies of at loggerheads majority’. The British government was, thus, sowing the seeds of Pakistan more than half a century in front it was actually born (Chopra, 16).\r\nBut the elections of 1937 below the government of India Act hastened the crisis. While the Congress captured male monarch in eight provinces, the union was totally disillusioned. The poor election results convinced Jinnah, the league-leader, that the only way to counteract the Congress was to inflame communal feelings among the Muslims (Sen, 263). Soon, in 1940, the unify passed the Pakistan resolution for a separate state (Moon, 41).\r\nThe rift soon r separatelyed the boiling point. The differences bitter came up during the Cripps Mission and Cabinet Mission. Jinnah called for the ‘ train Action Day’ on sixteenth August 1946 which resulted in a prankish blood bath. Soon an interim console table was formed †but it was torpedoed by the League Ministers (Bose, one hundred thirty-five). It was, thus, realized that the two communities would not be able to live together †on August 1 5, 1947, two Dominions came up aft(prenominal) a partition.\r\nBasic Differences\r\nthough both(prenominal) India and Pakistan had an equal start, the differences have become overt which argon discussed here under as follows:\r\n governmental: Constitutional\r\nIndia has con total a class slight system in which the actual power resides on the people. The central and provincial cabinets be, under Art 75 (2) and  Art 164 (1), responsible to the Lok Sabha and local Assembly respectively, which be make up by popular election. Moreover, Art 326 has give the right to vote to each person irrespective of class, creed, religion etc. by and by reaching the age of 18. Thus, this is a projectile representative democracy (Basu, 23).\r\nHowever, soon after ward the birth of Pakistan, it came under force dictatorship. Though on occasions, civil governments came to power, it is primarily a military system virtually from 1969 (Agarwal, 422).\r\n contrary Policy:\r\nIndia has a dopted the principal of non-alignment in its foreign policy when in the nominate war period most of the states get together either of the two power blocs, India, a presbyopic with a few early(a) nations, adopted the policy of equidistance from them. It means the independence of action. India’s foreign policy does not suspend herself to follow a previously delineate path. This independence of action enables India to judge each issue in its own merits and without whatever prejudice (Keswani, 512).\r\nBut, in order to draft American support on the Kashmir issue, Pakistan, soon after its birth, joined the American bloc. Pakistan desire artificial strength by her bail with America and through SEATO and the Baghdad compact (Khanna, 78). But, curiously, after the Sino-Indian war of 1962 (when America came forwards with its men, machines and money to save India from a likely Chinese destruction), Pakistan entered into a friendly accordance with China, a stalwart of commu nist camp. It means, unmistakably, that Pakistan has no consistency in its foreign policy. closely surprisingly, while Pakistan resorted to a friendly relation with America, it is also importanttaining (at least reportedly) a cocksure relation with the Middle Eastern states †some(prenominal) of whom are even arch rivals of the get together Sates. Its main consideration is enmity with India.\r\n party System\r\nIndia had, initially, a ‘one party dominant system’ (Morris-Jones, 215). However, with its step-by-step eclipse, unification government activity has spread over the country. It evidently implies some alliances and compromises among the leaders of various parties for directive the political bouts.\r\nBut, Pakistan is dominated not by the political leaders, but by the military Generals. One General has captured power by removing another through military coup. Thus, politics has been dominated there by militarism and an arrest between the Government and the Opposition has been a rare affair.\r\nReligious\r\nIndia has accepted the pattern of secularism which implies governmental impartiality in spiritual affairs. Its Preamble has granted ‘liberty of thoughts, expressions, faith, imprints and devotion’. Moreover, Articles 25, 26, 27 and 28 have been the opinion poll anchor secularism (Johari, 394). Above all, by the forty-second amendment of 1976, it has inserted the term ‘Secular’ in the Preamble. Thus, u adeptthly tolerance is the basic feature of the Indian system.\r\nBut, Pakistan is an Islamic country which has accepted Islam as the state religion. However, on the morning of July 13, 1947, Jinnah tell\r\nMinorities, to whichever community they may belong, provide be safeguarded. Their religion, or faith or belief will be protected in every way possible. Their life and berth will be secure. There will be no interference of any kind with their freedom of worship. They will have their protect ion with regard to their religion, their faith, their life, their property, and their culture. They will be, in all respects, citizens of Pakistan without any distinction of clique or color, religion or creed. (qtd. in Kauba 89)\r\nHowever, being a typical Islamic state, Pakistan accepted Islam as the state-religion and, in most cases, knows no tolerance of other faiths. The laws are based on ‘Sheriyat’ which is claimed to be derived from the numinous Quran. In such states, ‘Ulemas’ and ‘Imams’ guide the genial and religious life and a hasty discrimination exists between the Muslims and the other subjects spiritedness within the state.\r\nPeople belonging to other creeds such as the Christians, the Buddhists, and the Hindus etc. are looked down upon and seldom treated with lordliness and honor. The in the public eye(predicate) sectors hardly tolerate any of these creeds at higher designation in the organizational hierarchy. Moreover, the educational syllabus is over burdened with religious lessons instead of practical industrial requirements.\r\nEconomic\r\nEconomic systems of the two countries are quite different. India adopted a unique blend of the ideals of socialistic and competitive economies. Since the early 1950s it has been proceeding towards economies of instruction through Five Year Plans (Bhattacharya, 1). It is thus a planned economy with queen-size private sectors. Since its globalization and liberalization policies of 1992, goliath multinationals throughout the valet de chambre has shown serious interest on the Indian market. Resultantly, India has emerged as the fast-breaking growing and the fourth largest economy of the world (Paul, 215).\r\nHowever, Pakistan has adopted purely a laissez-faire(prenominal) economy where planning has no ordinate at all. Due to its religious intolerance, political disorders, and dictatorial environment the foreign companies are ofttimes too ofttimes indecisiv e to invest in that market.\r\nNatural Resources\r\nIndia is much richer in natural resources. It has a wide territory where different types of agricultural crops are produced and mineral resources are harvested.\r\nIn comparison, Pakistan is worthless poor. Rice and wheat are the main crops. It has some mineral riches, textiles, jute and tea †(Clement, 64).\r\n close to Problems\r\nProblems\r\nBoth India and Pakistan are disturbed by some acute line of work. After the gradual erosion of the Congress, a multi †party pandemonium has gripped India and it has evoked political atmosphere. There are nearly 350 political parties and most of them are leased upon narrow opportunism. Naturally, the task of nation- skeletal frameing has been shake off down by such lazy skirmishs.\r\nEconomically also, India is facing a crisis. In spite of planned endeavor for flipper decades, a gross disparity of income and wealth has been. Communalism is also a formidable problem. Hindu-Mu slim conflict has become a common affair and there may be riots sound for anything or nothing (Das, 400) In foreign affairs too, some problems seem to be insoluble. With America and China, two super-powers, its traffichip is less than normal. Pakistan, its neighbor, is the worst enemy and, Bangladesh, for which it fought in 1971, has drifted uttermost away.\r\nPakistan is, similarly, disturbed with some crucial problems. The conflict between the Siyas and Sunnis often result in severe blow-birth. Moreover, some political parties often agitate against the autocratic Government and it at last results in awful bloodshed. But, above all, while there is a large-scale beggary, a considerable part of the national income is to be diverted to the war-preparation.\r\nIn fact, the Government has to encourage a frenzied bellicosity in its relations with India in order to mobilize public support. In 1949, Pakistan was pushed back in Kashmir and in 1951, 1965 and 1971 it suffered a terrible defeat by India. So the Pak-rulers have been forced to adopt a war-economy, though the national poverty badly needs a peace-time growth-program.\r\nnuclear Preparation  It is interesting to note that concern of war has compelled both India and Pakistan to enter into a race of armament. Thus, through a lengthened endeavor both of them have now become atomic power. But, it is well cognize that fear of war adds armament and increase of armament increases the fear of war. In this way, their contender has ushered in an era of permanent panic.\r\nIf a war actually breaks out, it would be useful to none, because the nuclear bombardment would surely lift well-nigh a total mischance for not only the belligerents but also for the entire region. For this reason, some sort of rationality is urgently necessary. Of course, Kashmir is the bone of contention between them and none is prepared to give up its claim over this strategic spot. But, unless some compromise is reached, the confli ct of Kashmir might one day, obliterate the both of them from the global map.\r\n end\r\nBut, by any means, they must detect out a way towards the fixed peace. It is interesting to note that though Germany was divided into two parts after the heartbeat World War. However, they have, after five decades, merged together. In this sense, India and Pakistan cannot, perhaps in the near future, mingle together in this way. But, for down-to-earth reasons, they must come nearer and build up a workable relationship.\r\nOf course, Kashmir has stood up as the stumbling obstacle. But mutual war and conflicts can never bring about a peaceful solution. Only an sagacity on the basis of ‘give and extend’ policy can solve the problem which has thrice dragged them into armed conflict. Particularly, Pakistan must find that it has no legal claim over Kashmir. Before the partition of undivided India, the instrument of Accession offered the Princely states the right to join either of the two Dominions.\r\nThe king of Kashmir (Hari Sing) punctually signed a treaty with India for link it. (Mahajan, 343). The portion of Kashmir (Pak occupied Kashmir) which is now under Pakistan’s control, was captured only by illegal infiltration by several terrorist groups. Hence, it is beyond any iota of doubt that account statement can go a long way in setting the problem to the right perspective.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nAgarwal, R.G. Political Theory, Chandra Books, Allahabad, 1996, 422\r\nBasu, D.D. demonstration to the Constitution of India, Prentice Hall, 1978, 23\r\nBhattacharya, D.C. India’s Five Year Plans, Joy Library, Calcutta, 1996, 1\r\nBose, N.S. Indian National Movement, Pharma K.L.M. Pvt. Ltd, 1974, 135\r\nChauba, K.L. India and Pakistan, Raj Kamal Publications, red-hot Delhi, 1948, 49\r\nChopra, P.N. India’s trial for Freedom, Publications Division, 1984, 16\r\nDas, H.H. India: Democratic Government and Politics, Himalaya Publications, bare -assed Delhi, 1991,\r\n400\r\nDe, B. Freedom Struggle, Publications Division, New Delhi, 1992, 103\r\nJohari, J.C. Indian Government and Politics, Vishal Publishing House, New Delhi, 394\r\nKauba, K.L. inside(a) Pakistan, Raj Kamal Publications, New Delhi, 1948, 89\r\nKeswani, K.B. International Relations, Himalaya Publishing, Mumbai, 1996, 512\r\nKhanna, V.H. remote policy of India, Vikas Publishing, Chennai, 1997, 78\r\nMahajan, V.D. The Constitution of India, youthful Books, New Delhi, 1979, 343\r\nMoon, P. Divide and Quit, Modern Books, Mumbai, 41\r\nMorris-Jones, W.H. Government and Politics of India, B.I. Publications, New Delhi, 1979, 215\r\nSen, S.N. report of Freedom Movement in India, New Age Publications, 1978, 263\r\n'

'Conflict and Reconciliation Essay\r'

'A disk operating system in the main consists of trio vital things, without which a state would no largeer be c every(prenominal)ed a state. These three things namely †muckle, territory and government. The three of them ar dependent and interdependent on each other. It is heavy to hasten them dislocated and be claimed as the sole origin of a problem. The territory is non in our hands, this is the land that we got after independence. The government is what runs the hoidenish, but, in that respect is nonhing that we, citizens send away do. All we go to do is elect a substitute lay outy of the government both quaternity years.\r\nAnd lastly, we have the wad of the country. This is yet a nonher(prenominal) vital comp superstarnt of a state. Without this, a state would be a delinquent mo of land. (Muller, 2005) thither have been instances where the questionable peck of the land atomic number 18 non wizard(a). In fact, there have been competitivenesss mingled with the peck. Well, there atomic number 18 a assign of conflicts. only when it is neer the conflict that is harmful, it is never the bump around of psyches that breaks the country, but the behavior of the conflict is what drives mess out-of-door from being one. at a time there is a rift in the midst of them, there is no going back.\r\nIt is arduous to bring the slew out from their there stem built in schemas. After a conflict which has taken out quiescence form one sect of the country, it is problematic to have them stop stereotyping the other one. in that location is a key word that I have used in the previous sentence. The word sect caught my attention as briefly as I was watch writing the sentence. I ask myself, is our country divided into sects? Is that what is causing the conflict? Is it the understanding of the rifts that take place every daylight? Is it the cause of the grudges built in mint?\r\nIs this what makes them stereotype others that be non in their sect? Well, after hours of pondering, I feel out yes. This is why we ar not one. This is on the button why we can not have a civil discussion among people of unalike sects without having all clash of ideas. The constituent of sects in the country is the very intellect of as to why we give the term â€Å"Many Americas” to this country. Let’s consider a couple of mannequins that might reboot us and might bring us to a conclusion that the division of people into sects is not the only cause of the so-c entirelyed â€Å"Many Americas”.\r\nThere is no head that we have unalike communities in this country. Well, every kingdom does, it is not like our nation is different from the rest. It is precisely that we do not have to over look the priorities and the benefits of the sects that ar sm all in all in number. It is human nature to consider the things that atomic number 18 obvious and are right in preceding of us. Although it is not right not to consider the sects that are in minority. Lets take an example of the people contemporarily living in the country.\r\nWe have a pile of Indians present, several(prenominal) are working, nearly are studying and some are living as dirty immigrants. In fact a lot of them are living as illegal immigrants. Definitely, the clash of ideas and compromise has to be there. Without compromise, the clash of ideas amongst them, will grow and will soon wear out into huge unsolved rifts. This is meet one trivial example. only if to reboot that I am not considering the illegal immigrants, who are staying in the country because they indigence to and not because they can stay? Their headland is pretty different.\r\nIf they can not be hired for any job because they do not hold a qualifying or a green mental capacity or hold a long expired visa †well, they are to blame. There are different cultures, different religions, different races, cultures, beliefs, doctrines, creed , show. There is so a great deal that has been separating us. This is what people usually register. I do not second their notion. It is highly incorrect for them to cite that if some one is in the minority, they do not belong to this nation. If some one has a different skin color than me, they are honorable different. Well, I say such people are cryptograph but shallow.\r\nThere is not much that we can do to make them contort around and understand that although there are people of different doctrines living in the aforementioned(prenominal) nibble of land as us, but they are still Americans, they are still a part of us. adept telling them that they are equipment casualty is not going to change any thing. The schemas that people develop and stick to the fore move of the minds of the people, do not skillful develop in a day. It takes a lot of years to develop them and it takes alone seconds to make them even worst. By this I hatch that it is difficult to drive the schem as out, however, it is not difficult to build upon them.\r\nIt is easier said than done. Many Americas is not many, its just one. It’s a national of perception. Let’s take a trivial yet crucial example of the positive instances never being counted or accounted for. I was with my friends at the beach. The Indians at nurture are known for stealing trinkets from the kids at school. My friend’s watch got stealn from our spot. We were all worried and the first thing that she did was point â€Å"I” for stealing it. Lets take â€Å"I” as the Indian girl who was blamed. Just because she was around our spot at the beach does not necessarily mean that she stole it.\r\nWell, she was embarrassed and humiliated in front of all the kids there. It was a school agitate so all the kids from school were there. Her stainless bag was toppled; all the things inside it were forcibly thrown out of it. I try to stop my friend but, she would just not let it go; it wa s an expensive watch. Well, at the end we found out that some one’s dog took it. But the point of the entire story is that she did not do it. Even after the incident, they all still blamed the Indians for taking away things ever time something got lost. It is not a payoff to be proud of.\r\nWe are all one. We are all one nation. It is ok to share the same piece of land with some one who is a little different from us. Although this was just one example, there are many others that I will be mentioning about in the final paper. The entire point of this uncut draft is that no matter how different one may be, we are all living and sharing the same piece of land. The belief that this is my land more that it is yours just because there are more people like me on this land than you; this idea is to be driven out of our heads as soon as we can in the beginning matters worsen.\r\nThere is not much that we can do to make them forget the existent schemas and understand that although th ere are people of different doctrines and beliefs, living in the same piece of land we are, but they are still Americans, just like us and they are still a part of us. We all together make this nation. It is not just one sect or two, it is many Americas that make this beautiful, peaceful country, our country. And just telling those people that they are wrong is not going to change any thing.\r\nThe schemas that people develop and stick to the fore front of the minds of the people, do not just develop in a day. It takes a lot of years to develop them and it takes just seconds to make them even worst. By this I mean that it is difficult to drive the schemas out, however, it is not difficult to build upon them. Hence, we are exclusively one nation no matter how many creeds and sects our nation has. \\\r\nReference:\r\nDavid J. Whittaker, affair and Reconciliation in the Contemporary sphere Gilbert H. Muller, Many Americas Reading and paper across the Cultural Divides\r\n'

'Ict in School Education\r'

' experience and converse engine room for preparation in India and southerly Asia Essay II ICT in discipline age command ( indigenous and Secondary) ICT in domesticate procreation (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Executive Summary The study on intent of ICTs in conditionho accustom readingal activity leaves a study of tr arrests and overriding peculiaritys of the engage of ICTs for give instruction reading as profiled in versatile initiatives captured in the realm reports. The essay postgraduatelights the spectrum of experiences from postgraduate-end engineering science solutions to low-end TV/ piano tuner-establish initiatives that prolong been fortunate in contrary countries at the K12 aim.The overhaulic in whatsoever case examines the key issues and ch on the wholeenges in the equitable death penalty of ICTs in enlighten precept and delivers suggestions to subjoinress these altercates and aid the implementation of ICTs in sh in allow re toil. An observation of planetaryistic trends in application of ICTs in give instructions signalizes that it is right off affiliation up to the ontogenesis of rails and the tenet and encyclopedism environs. It is detect that novel and appear technologies atomic extend to sense 18 be coalesced with the old technologies to leave ICT applications in statement overmuch good.Educators be too showing an increasing tendency to determination nomadic engineering science to change rile to instruction. thither is a great dispense of ride organism expended around the instauration on the phylogenesis of dressions that forget regularize the ripening of options, catalog them, and store them. These accommodate procreation endeavors, which argon digital Web-based elections defecated to corroborate acquisition and fire function as discrete entities or be joined in nightclub to relate to unequivocal concepts or cultivation outcomes.Repositories be libraries where these digital picks ar stored and cater instructors, learners, and pargonnts with entropy that is organise and organized to further the finding and engross of attainment sensibles disregarding of their source location. ICT in school program line (Primary and Secondary) The United Nations’ millenary breeding Goals (MDGs) two and three atomic number 18 about achieving universal capital cultivation and promoting gender e flavour, respectively.The MDGs in commandment argon defined in terms of exp unmatchablentiation and completion of main(a) fosterage by whole fryren and the elimination of gender compartmentalization in study. Despite the move efforts of the motley G ein truthplacenments on universalizing the primary and elementary direction, with a wide turn tail of programmes and schemes, nettle to spirit tuition continues to be an prohibition in the strikement of the teaching goals. For instance, in India, during 2004 â⠂¬ 05, turn the Gross Enrolment symmetry for children enrolling in classes I to VIII was 97 neighbourhood, the Drop-out ar hunt for the same classes was as high as 46 percent.The view is much than(prenominal) worrying at the thirdhand education level (classes IX and X), where the enrollment is pre coiffure at 53 percent and the Drop-out Rate is as high as 60 percent1. Efforts so far kick in communicate to a call upable degree, the concerns of honor as comfortably as that of regional parity, stock- facilitate concerns of type bind non authorized fitting attention. Recognizing this, the organization of India’s flagship education programme at the primary level †the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) †has streamlined its focus on ‘quality’. The slur is similar crosswise the southerly AsiaSelected educational Statistics 2006 †07; constitution of India, Ministry of Human choice Development, recent Delhi 1 2 ICT in nurture reading (Primary and Secondary) 2010 region. With the target timelines for universalizing of primary and secondary education nearing, at that place is a sense of urgency in accomplishing the goals stipulate thitherin. As is human increasingly furnish, if later on spending large sums of m maviny on programmes and schemes, countries encounter not convey to the full literate, it is time that advanced(a) and constitute emergenceive methods be stray in pl from for each one one to address the chore of education in these countries2. go this is a larger caper and points to the destiny for re organize in the educational establishments of these countries at conf partd levels †pedagogical, curricular, as headspring as institutional, the emergence of assorted Information and talk Technologies (ICTs) and their increasing acceptance and bankers acceptance by society fork up rummy opportunities and could probablely set up education on a large outgo.While on that poin t is no conclusive interrogation to prove that school-age child achievement is higher when give ICTs in the education space, either in the highly- prerequisite or evolution countries, there is a worldwide consensus among practitioners and academics that integration of ICTs in education has a positive dissemble on the eruditeness environment.It is downstairsstood that in respective(a) socio-economic and ethnical con text editions ICTs tin be success to the full employed to pull ahead out to a great number of students, including those to whom education was previously not easily price of admissionible, and avail in promoting breeding, along with exposing students to the technical skills c unsocial ford for numerous a(prenominal) a(prenominal) an(prenominal) occupations. ICTs act as and provide students and instructors with current pawns that enable rectifyd accomplishment and learn. geographical standoffishness no longstanding becomes an insuperable obs tacle to obtaining an education.It is no longer requi turn up for teachers and students to be physically in proximity, ascribable to innovations of technologies much(prenominal) as teleconferencing and distance education, which allow for synchronous schooling. 3 ICTs in schools provide an opportunity to teachers to transform their practices by providing them with meliorate educational subject area and much effectual instruction and discipline methods. ICTs remedy the cultivation process by the render of more interactive educational temporals that enlarge learner motivation and facilitate the head-situated acquisition of introductory skills.The use of various multimedia system devices such as tv set, impressions, and figurer applications offers more challenging and engaging nurture environment for students of all ages. 4 A study conducted by the Intertheme set in motion for conference and Development (IICD) indicated that 80 percent of its participants felt more aware and authorise by their exposure to ICT in education, and 60 percent verbalize that the process of pedagogics as hale as eruditeness were directly and positively affected by the use of ICT. Twenty- maiden century teaching training skills underscore the inquire to flip from the handed-down teacher-centered pedagogy to more learner-centered methods. supple and collaborative tuition ‘Using engineering science for preparation’, Guilherme Vaz, IL & FS rearingal engineering science Services, Discussion Paper on topic indemnity on ICT in direct upbringing 2 Victoria L. Tinio, ICT in knowledge (New York: UNDP-APDIP, 2003). Wadi Haddad and Sonia Jurich, â€Å"ICT for statement: Potential and Potency,” in Technologies for gentility: Potentials, Parameters, and Prospects, eds.Wadi Haddad and A. Drexler (Washington, D. C. : Academy for informational Development), 28-40. 5 Inter topic launch for Communication and Development, ICTs f or teaching method: Impact and Lessons exacted from IICD endureed Activities (The Hague: IICD, 2007), http://www. iicd. org/files/icts-foreducation. pdf ( advanceed serve 14, 2009). 3 4 3 ICT in drill commandment (Primary and Secondary) 2010 environments facilitated by ICT abide to the creation of a knowledge-based student population. fostering leadership, focus, and formation diversityle similarly be ameliorated with ICT by enhancing educational means information and obtaining administrative processes in schools and former(a)wise educational establishments. 6 ICT in discipline information in the highly- real gentleman In the essential countries, and the urban elites of advanced economies, twenty-first century education integrates technologies, engaging students in ways which were not previously thinkable, creating new teaching and teaching possibilities, enhancing achievement and extending interactions with local and ball-shaped communities.Students eff i n a conception that has seen an reading explosion and signifi bottomt and speedy affectionate and economic heightens. ICT in initiate tuition in the Developing cosmea In the developing world, ICTs are used closely to cultivation entranceway to and improve the relevancy and quality of education. ICTs halt demonstrated voltage to increase the options, access, participation, and achievement for all students. The un frequent speed and general handiness of unalike and pertinent discipline due to ICT, extends educational opportunities to the marginalized and vulnerable groups, among the unlike disadvantaged.ICTs in the developing world have the potential to arouse the education experience for children who: ? ? ? ? ? live in agrarian and international(a)- farming(prenominal) locations have special learning necessitates have physical disabilities border their access to schools have dropped out and/or have kept themselves out of school for various reasons. aim f or excellence and hand out to get satisfied in the incumbent system watchers and learners in the developing world are no longer solely dependent on physical media such as printed textbooks which are very(prenominal) much time outdated.With today’s engineering, one horizontal has the efficiency to access experts, professionals, and leaders in their ambits of recreate, around the world at any wedded time. 7 In India, various ICTs have been employed all allplace the years to incite primary and secondary education. These include wireless, send based, one-way and interactive television, and the meshing. However, there have been enormous geographic and demographic disparities in their use.Some states in the demesne shortly have an alter environment in place that allows for a greater use 6 7 Haddad and Jurich, â€Å"ICT for bringing up: Potential and Potency” Ibid 4 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 of ICTs for education, whereas se parate states want such an environment making the use of ICTs for this purpose very sporadic. 8 It is to a fault important to keep in straits that ICTs in education are a potential double-edged sword†while ICTs offer educators, tools to extend education to however n companionable geographic regions, and to deprived children and empower teachers and students with with(predicate) with(predicate) train, there is excessively the danger that such technologies whitethorn further widen the spread between the educational haves and havenots. However, technology is notwithstanding a tool and the success of ICTs in enhancing the introducey of quality education to the call fory, without rig the gap, leave behind depend largely on form _or_ system of government level interventions that are enjoin toward how ICTs congenital be deployed in school education.The presidential terms in each of the countries in the randomness Asia region are now groovy and committed on explo ring the uses of ICTs for school education. Therefore, Government policies lately reflect their realization of the grandness of integrating ICT use and the promotion of quality education enabled through ICTs. The creation of educational communicates offer substantial economies of scale and scope, when attempting to improve the quality of education and look to to regularise quality crosswise the system.Hence, Governments are investing in base facilities that link schools/educational institutions and resource centers. However, despite administrators and experts a akin recognizing the potential of ICT in improving access to quality education, the utilization of ICTs in school education in the southern many Asian countries is still not at a very advanced stage. The next table classifies countries in the Asia peaceable region based on their taste of ICTs and the approach big businessman of ICTs. It shows that while appreciation of ICTs is high in the confederation Asia region, their certain availability for utilization is low.Countries cargo deck of accessibility of technology Technology Afghanistan belittled let out Australia mellowed spunky Bangladesh gamy subaltern Bhutan High humiliated Cambodia High mild China High wiped out(p) commutation Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, High No unattached selective information Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan) Democratic People’s study(ip)ity rule of High No available information Korea India High little Indonesia High Low Iran High No available selective information ‘Promoting the Use of Information and Communication Technologies for Primary and Secondary Education: The Case of the States of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Karnataka in India’ Discussion Paper by Amitabh Dabla, educational Development oculus, Bangalore India. 8 5 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) Countries Japan MalaysiaMaldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal New Zealand Pacific Islands Countries Lao PDR Republic of Korea Sri Lanka Thailand Vietnam Appreciation Technology High High High High High High High High High High High High High of accessibility Technology High High Low Low Low Low High Low Low High Low Low Low 2010 of Source: Strategy mannequin for Promoting ICT Literacy in the Asiaâ€Pacific Region, UNESCO capital of Thailand Communication and Information Unit, 2008 http://www2. unescobkk. org/elib/publications/188/promotingICT_literacy. pdf South Asia is yet to rein the potential of ICTs in creating, constructing, capturing, managing, and sharing information and knowledge. India is rated high on appreciation because it has deceased beyond policies that purely recognize the strategic employment of ICT for growth and suppuration and is already institutionalizing concrete measures that run on ICT initiatives.However, it has been rated low on availability of technology due to info reporting that access to reckoners is â€Å"limited,” the greet of meshwork c onnections is relatively high, ISPs are described as â€Å"limited,” and the ratio of number of computers per student stated as â€Å"insufficient. ”9 These observations point to the need to frame clutch policies, realize adequate appointation, and set aside adequate bills in order to support the deployment of ICTs in furthering the education levels of the country. Although ICTs do offer numerous beneficial opportunities for education, they are no supplant for imposing schooling. The role of technology is to support school education and not convert it, though the technology may crook an appreciable part in impact the ingest of children who bednot go to a established school. plan of attack to ICTs run intos enhancement of traditional or formal education systems, enabling them to adapt to the distinguishable learning and teaching needs of the societies. ICTs in school education initiatives that focus on the following areas are more or less promising to successfully contri providede to imageing the millenary Development Goals10: ? Increasing access through distance learning Strategy fashion model for Promoting ICT Literacy in the Asia Pacific Region, Elena E Pernia, UNESCO Bangkok Communication and Information Unit, Asia and Pacific regional Bureau for Education, Thailand 2008. 10 The World rely. 9 6 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010ICTs sewer provide new and innovative means to bring educational opportunities to greater numbers of children of all ages, peculiarly those who have historically been excluded, such as populations in rural and remote-rural areas, girl children facing affectionate prohibitions, and children with disabilities and other compulsions. In nearly all the developing countries of South Asia, distance learning has been an important component of the education form _or_ system of government of these nations. It is in all probability in this subject area that traditional ICTs like rad io, television, and audio cassettes were first deployed in the education space. In India, distance learning offered by institutions like internal base of fan out instruction (NIOS) and Indira Gandhi matter Open University have used a conclave of print and audio-visual material as sanitary as traditional face-to-face interactions to deliver their inwardness. Enabling a knowledge network for students With knowledge as the crucial enter for productive processes inwardly today’s economy, the efficiency by which knowledge is acquired and employ determines economic success. Effective use of ICTs layabout contribute to the timely transmission of information and knowledge, thereby helping education systems play this challenge. ? Training Teachers Large numbers of school teachers pass on be needed to meet the MDGs for education. The use of ICTs hindquarters help in training teachers to accomplish the targeted tasks on a mission mode. Moreover, ICTs provide opportunitie s to complement on the job training and continuing education for teachers in a more satisfactory and flexible carriage. The use of ICTs for teacher training has been recognized by the governments of most South Asian countries and eacher training programmes like Intel Teach crosswise India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka; Microsoft Shiksha in India; and some(prenominal) other initiatives in Nepal and Bhutan are focused on utilize ICTs for training teachers. This includes training in applying ICTs in their teaching practices as well as use ICTs as a mode of words for these trainings. ? Broadening the availability of quality education materials Development of relevant, favorable quality topic is perhaps the biggest challenge and opportunity in the educational technology space. While home, dexterity structure, observe, and valuation are decisive support structures without quality inwardness, the learning experience of students will not be materially improved by the mere presenc e of ICT.To that end mental object development is being focused on in more of the focus countries in our study. In India, several initiatives are ongoing for creating digital repositories and learning objects; the Sakshat Portal of Government of India, initiatives like National Program of Technology heighten encyclopedism (NPTEL), the Multimedia Educational resource for training & Online Teaching (MERLOT) seek to create quality digital satisfy for different levels of education. 7 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) ? 2010 Enhancing the efficiency and forte of educational plaque and policy New innovative technologies slew help schools’ improve the quality of administrative activities and processes.The Government of Afghanistan’s articulation of the policy for ICT in education focuses on the need to provide access to ICT for all Ministry of Education administrative staffs, teachers, and students. The policy further envisages that through the u se of information management systems, ICT will be extensively used to change and mechanize work such as human resource management, fiscal management, monitor and evaluation, the processing of student and teacher records, talk between government and schools, lesson planning, sound judgement and testing, financial management, and the maintenance of inventories. The Ministry of Education has developed GIS-based spatial selective information with detailed maps for fail management of the education system in the country.More than 35 maps have been produced showing the location of schools all over Afghanistan, including the number of students and teachers by province. The Government of Delhi, in India, has been a pioneer in using ICTs for better administration of the education system. The Department of Education, Government of Delhi, with 40,000 employees, 928 schools, and more than 120,000 students under its administrative jurisdiction has developed a comprehensive and functionally ef fective Web-based and GIS-based attention Information organisation (MIS). All the schools, zonal offices, district offices, regional offices, and various branches at the headquarters tramp share information using the Web-enabled software.Information for all s grabholdersâ€students, teachers, and administratorsâ€is available online through the Directorate’s Web site (edudel. gov. in); this includes information on admissions, mark sheets, teacher attendance, transfers, pay rotates, and so on. International Trends in ICT in School Education An observation of international trends in application of ICTs in schools indicates that it is directly colligate to the development of schools and the teaching and learning environment. For instance, changes to pedagogical practices in classrooms take away that teachers should have access to basis and are presumptuousness the opportunity to develop the expertise to use the machines and software tools.The trends overly indicat e policy- set aboutrs, administrators, and teachers are using a variety of tools and strategies to improve access to learning opportunities, improve the teaching and learning experience for teachers and students, and make effective use of limited resources. This arm presents a select few international experiences that have been observed in ICT applications in primary and secondary education crosswise the globe. 11 Integrating New Technologies with lively Technologies in Use A intervention on global trends in ICTs and Education in 2010 throne as well be found at the Education Technology Debate Forum of the World Bank http://edutechdebate. org/2010-ict4e-trends/10-global-trends-in-ict-andeducation-for-2010-and-beyond/. It highlights trends like Mobile Learning, Cloud Computing, Gaming, omnipresent and Personalized Learning. 11 8ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Older technologies such as print, radio, and television are more greenness in most part of the worl d, strange the recent technologies such as cyberspace, e-mail, and tuner communications. This is largely due to the state of infrastructure development that had not allowed the adoption of newer technologies as extensive as the older technologies. In recent times, however, it has been noticed that these newer technologies are gaining gibbousness and are being integrated with the older technologies to make ICT applications in education more effective. Radio Sagarmatha in Nepal is one of the first community radios in South Asia.It is a radio-browse model wherein meshwork is broadcast over the radio. It discusses public issues, conducts training for public radio journalism, and provides a venue for local ideas and culture. In 2000, the station added a workweekly 25-minute meshwork radio programme featuring local and international ICT-related news, and ICT glossary, radio web shop, and interviews with relevant ICT resource persons. This program has been successful among the rura l areas of Nepal. change magnitude Use of Mobile Technology In the developing countries of South Asia given the almost ubiquitous presence of ready phones in some geographies, there is an increasing interest in the opportunities offered by this technology.several(prenominal) initiatives using busy phones for English lecture learning, for facilitating educational administration tasks, and other support informational and educational serve are being widely offered. In India, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), one of the largest telecom overhaul providers with the widest reach in the country has launched â€Å"Learn English,” a communicate English supple learning program. The program aims to teach spoken English through general chance(a) stories and situations that are beaten(prenominal) to most hoi polloi. It is currently available in nine regional speechs for two levels, namely basic and advanced. The advantage tolerate be subscribed to at a nominal toll of Rs . 0 per month and a call browsing charge of 30 paise per minute. Other return providers have similarly entered the arena. IL&FS Education & Technology Services Limited (IL&FS Education) in collaboration with Tata Indicom have launched an â€Å"English Seekho” Program, which uses the meandering(a) phone to teach English through simple 5 minute lessons that slew be accessed at the learner’s convenience. Another common usance of mobile phones is excessively found in support services for education, such as providing alerts and retrieving and move EMIS reports. The Virtual University in Pakistan makes use of SMS to provide updates to students, schedule appointments, and so on.However, as articulated by educationists and experts, the small screen size, limitations on the amount of data exchanged, and so on are problems that limit the use of goods and services of mobile phones (the models most comm alone available) in effective content economy in educ ation. 12 Content Development through Learning Objects and Repositories 12 For a debate on the use of Mobile Phones vs PCs in Education refer to Edutech Debate at http://edutechdebate. org/mobile-phones-and-computers/ 9 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Learning technologies have been evolving over the last many years, kickoff from early mainframebased programmed learning systems, microcomputer software packages, bulletin boards, CBT systems, authoring systems, and more of late after the net income explosion, Web-based systems and Learning direction Systems.Development of content has largely been done on an single(a) basis, resulting in a scenario where the content software is not compatible with the current technology. Moreover, there is no established system for cataloging and classifying virtual learning materials, leading to many excellent online learning materials remaining under use. This scenario calls for the need for a standardized system for catalo ging, storing, and retrieving content in ways that enable users to access and organize resources for their particular purposes as well as sharing it institutionally, nationally, and internationally. There is a great masses of effort being expended around the world on the development of such systemsâ€ones that will standardize the development of resources, catalog them (metadata) and store them.Learning objects are digital assets that can be as various(a) as a chapter in a book, a piece of text, a video or audio clip, or visuals on an overhead transparency or PowerPoint slide, and can be used in a variety of teaching circumstances, by word form designers, managers, trainers, content writers, and learners. 13 Learning objects can be identified, tracked, referenced, used, and reused for a variety of learning purposes. They are developed to function as discrete entities or to be linked in order to relate to evident concepts or learning outcomes. Content sine qua nons are deter mined through communication with educators across the target audience and then the learning object is developed by self-sufficient contractors.Learning objects may be self-contained, reusable, and capable of being aggregated. Repositories may be described as libraries where learning object databases are stored and provide teachers, students, and parents with information that is structured and organized to facilitate the finding and use of learning materials regardless of their source location. Most repositories contain a Web-based user interface, a search mechanism, and a means of retrieving a learning object. While the sign leadership for learning object repositories has tended to come from the university sphere of influence, the interest and activity in the school sector is increasing rapidly. An Overview of Developments and Trends in the Application of Information and Communication Technologies in Education’; Glen M Farrell, Commonwealth of Learning; UNESCO Meta-survey on the Use of Technologies in Education, October 2003. 13 10 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Open Learning central, Nepal: E Pustakalaya and E Paath OLE Nepal is in use(p) in creating content at two levels. The E Paath consists of interactive learning modules, mapped to the topics in the curriculum as convinced(p) by the Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) of Nepal. Subject matter experts work about with the OLE Nepal developers to create these interactive learning activities. This calorie-free to use software, rich in multimedia elements including text, audio, video, and animations is then used by teachers and students to find concepts as prescribed in the curriculum.The content contains lessons, exercises, as well as assessment tools to enable teachers to in effect teach and valuate students. E-Pustakalaya is an electronic library which is a monument of reference material for the students, consisting of full text documents, images audio, video clips an d software that are relevant for students. E Pustakalaya deploys a simple child hospitable user interface that allows children to navigate, search, and link different documents including reference materials, courserelated content, magazine, and newspaper content. Students can download the content as well as read it online. The repository is also accessible on the Internet to other users at http://www. pustakalaya. org.Content creation in the E Pustakalaya is an ongoing activity and OLE Nepal has collaborated with several national and international organizations to source materials, these include way to Read, Rato Bangala Foundation, Madan Puraskar Library, Save the Children, World Education, ELearning for Kids and Azim Premji Foundation. OLE Nepal continues to work with other organizations to supplement this database. (www. olenepal. org/) eGyankosh, Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), India eGyanKosh, developed by IGNOU and launched in 2008, is a National Digital Repos itory created to store, index, preserve, distribute and share the digital learning resources developed by Open and Distance Learning Institutions in India. The repository contains all course material of IGNOU in print and video format and allows users to download this material free of approach once they have registered themselves. www. egyankosh. ac. in/) As learning repositories are developed, there emerged a need for international standards for these repositories, with the aim of achieving interoperability among various learning repositories. The development of easily accessible and sharable learning repositories is perhaps the most significant trend of all because of the potential it holds for reducing one of the largest single costs in the use of ICT in educationâ€the cost of developing content. This development offers not only the economy and flexibility that comes with reusability but also allows content to be developed individually from the form of its delivery.It offer s benefits across the spectrum of learning venues, from the remote learner in some form of distance education, to the teacher and learners face-to-face in a classroom. 11 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Teachers and Online Learning Activities ICT is an important source, which teachers may use to keep themselves abreast of emerging issues, share knowledge, and reach out to students. Several portals are being developed where teachers can network and share information including opera hat practices. In India, the Sakshat portal developed by the Government of India provides teachers an opportunity to connect with each other and share experiences.The Teachers of India, an online portal developed by the Azim Premji Foundation and the National knowledge Commission, was created with the objective of providing a forum for teachers to freely interact with each other across languages, facilitate the sharing of insights and best practices of teachers across the country and provide access to resources, information, and new experiments in education from all over the world in all Indian languages. Key Issues and Concerns There are many challenges in implementing ICTs effectively in animated schools. Policy-makers need to give ICTs adequate precedency and attention so as to withdraw the benefits of deploying ICTs in school education.Students from rural locations or impoverished communities often tend to slip under the radar so that they do not have level(p) basic access to ICT. stipulation that a number of schools still do not rase have appropriate classrooms, computers, telecommunication facilities and Internet services, ICT continues to be a distant dream. The actual shortage of quality teachers further compounds the problem. In developing countries, budgetary allocations for deploying ICTs in school education are typically limited, and given the high initial costs of place up ICT systems, the cost factor workings as a further deterrent. ted dy the real focus from traditional educational models to an ICT-based education system is bound to be met with constraints and roadblocks.Some key issues and concerns that need to be address in order to create an ICT complaisant environment in schools, especially in countries in the South Asian region, are identified later. Availability of Infrastructure to Support ICT A country’s educational technology infrastructure sits on top of the national telecommunications and information technology infrastructure. Availability of adequate infrastructure to support the deployment of ICTs in schools is a dire challenge that schools in the region currently face. Apart from the high initial cost of purchasing and setting up the requisite infrastructure, the maintenance and gain ground costs, as well as the cost and effort of supporting such infrastructure are also roadblocks to the successful habitude of ICTs in schools, especially in low and remote areas.Before any ICT-based progr amme is launched, policy-makers and planners mustiness carefully consider the following: ? In the first place, a basic demand is whether appropriate rooms or makes available to house the technology? In countries where there are many old school buildings, extensive retrofitting to vouch proper electric wiring, heating/cooling and ventilation, and safety and security department would be needed. 12 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) ? 2010 ? ? Another basic urgency is the availability of electricity and telephony. In countries inwardly this South Asian region, large areas are still without a reliable release of electricity and the nearest telephones are miles away.Power situation in rural and remote-rural areas even in some advanced countries in this region is undependable, and this affects the execution of any ICT initiative. Power cuts with different power cut schedules each week play havoc with the timetables. Power outages and fluctuations add to the high main tenance costs of computer computer hardware. Policy-makers should also look at the omnipresence of different types of ICT in the country in general, and in the educational system (at all levels) in particular. For instance, a basic ingestment for computer-based or online learning is access to computers in schools, communities, and households, as well as inexpensive Internet service. Insufficient access to computers is one of the main obstacles to the spread of ICT use of goods and services in school education.This is more so in the case of rural areas where the school is often the only access point for computers. Moreover, system software is expensive and prone to upgrades and submits resources put aside for new versions and upgrades. Operating System (OS) itself adds to the cost burden of the hardware. Although this will require massive enthronisations in the infrastructure, it is nevertheless essential in order to guarantee partake access and to overcome the digital divide. 14 Strong, sustainable partnerships between the Government, closed-door sector and civil society must be built to offset costs and abate the complexities of the integration of ICT in education systems (refer Annexure II for expound on Public-Private confederacys [PPPs]).Availability of Funds to appliance ICTs Given the current budgetary and resource constraints of various Governments, a widespread investment in ICTs in education is probably not possible in most developing countries. It is, therefore, minutely important to better understand the cost-benefit equation of the wide range of ICT options and uses in order to effectively target-spend the scarce resources. Economies of scale are achievable in distance education, although such Programmes typically require large up-front investments. Some of these costs may be shifted from the public sector to the individual users, but this in itself raises significant equity and access issues.Capacity Building of Teachers In most of sch ools in the subcontinent, the teachers are overloaded, less incite and inadequately trained, and often business deal with inconvenient working conditions. The use of ICTs in the classroom or in distance education does not diminish the role of the teacher; neither does it automatically change teaching practices. In such an atmosphere, building the capacity of teachers so that they are equipped to deal with using ICTs in classrooms is a challenge. subway to Change International embed for Communication and Development, ICTs for Education: Impact and Lessons erudite from IICD-Supported Activities. 14 13 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010Resistance is commonly witnessed while attempting to introduce ICTs into schools, very often from the teachers themselves, since they may be of the touch sensation that they shall become redundant once technology comes in or due to their wisdom that it is too late for them to adapt to a new environment. Educators themselves may b e atheistic about the effectiveness of using ICTs in school education. Lack of Awareness There is a general lack of consciousness about the utility of ICTs in education, as well as about the ICTs at our disposal and how they can be accessed and utilized economically and effectively. This lack of awareness and knowledge about ICTs and their use in education, even on the part of policy makers, administrators and educators, makes it specially difficult to deploy ICTs in the field of school education.Another critical issue with the usage of ICT in schools is the implementation of new technologies without having analyze their appropriateness, applicability and impact on various environments and contexts. In most countries, particularly the least developed ones, they must learn from the experiences of others, but must also use technology to respond to their own needs and not just follow trends. 15 Internet Usage While the Internet contains tremendous potential for education, as describe d in the sections earlier, it also has its own pitfalls. For one, providing all the students with Internet access is a very expensive proposition for most Government schools. This is more so in the case of rural centers and remote areas, where Internet connections are bound to be erratic, if available at all.A different challenge altogether when it comes to Internet usage is the effort involved in monitoring the students usage of the Internet to run into that they do not visit educationally moot and socially undesirable sites, thus detracting from the think objective. Language Barriers English is the dominant language of the Internet. An estimated 80 percent of online content is in English. A large proportion of the educational software produced in the world grocery is in English. For developing countries in the South Asian region where English language proficiency is not high, especially outside metropolitan areas, this represents a serious barrier to maximizing the educational benefits of the World liberal Web.monitor and evaluation Many of the issues and challenges associated with ICTs in education initiatives are known by policymakers, donor staff, and educators. However, data on the nature and complexness of these issues remains limited because of the lack of good monitoring and evaluation tools and processes. Where evaluation data is available much of the work is seen to suffer from important biases. Another Patti Swarts, â€Å"Main Issues, assertable settlements and Opportunities for ICTs,” Global e-Schools and Community Initiatives, http://www. gesci. org 15 14 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 problem in this area is the lack of a common set of indicators for ICTs in education.And, where data has been collected, it is often numerical data related to infrastructure (number of computers, for example) rather than data that can help policy-makers gauge the impact of ICT interventions on student learning. 16 If ICTs are t o become effective and integral tools in education, and if duty is to be demonstrated to donors and stakeholders, monitoring and evaluation must be a priority area of focus (refer Annexure I for details on supervise & Evaluation). Key Learnings Although there is great opportunity for improvement in school education at many levels through the use of ICTs, the road to achieving it is not easy. It will take continued dedication from all stakeholders involved to make any kind of substantial and sustainable change.The following broadbased suggestions may act as a basis for building a long roadmap to bringing ICTs to schools, and students at large in the South Asia region. A key to stick to in this endeavor is to adopt a comprehensive, end-to-end, systematic approach, with a phased and learn-as-you-go strategy for implementation, that can be adjusted to adapt to the detail needs and a changing environment. Government Support Government cooperation is incumbent for ICT program mes to have substantial impact and be sustainable. In the attempt to reevaluate the education delivery system and curriculum of countries to include ICT, Governments have to consider the social context in which they are implementing this new phenomenon.The realities of individual countries and the disparities within and across their geographies, including their limitations say, the language barrier, should be considered and the availability of ICT should be made according to the needs and desires of the countries in order to facilitate appropriate learning and local ownership of knowledge. 17 As discussed in the essay on policy coherence, governments need to adopt a coherent national policy framework, an effective ICT for education ecosystem, not just within the education field but also encompassing other complementing and enabling domains, which could ensure a child’s boilersuit development and the Country’s larger objectives. Government policies must demonstrate sem ipolitical will and champion the integration of ICT purposes and be in line with national development goals and frameworks.In countries where implementation capacity is weak and vilify of resources can be a major problem, ICT can further enable the country to enhance its capacity building efforts and boil down the opportunity for corruption. 18 16 Trucano, Michael. 2005. cognition Maps: ICT in Education. Washington, DC: infoDev/World Bank. accessible at: https://www. infodev. org/en/Publications. 8. html K. Toure, M. L. Diarra, T. Karsenti, and S. Tchameni-Ngamo, â€Å"Reflections on Cultural Imperialism and Pedagogical Possibilities Emerging from spring chicken Encounters with Internet in Africa” in ICT and ever-changing Mindsets in Education, eds. K. Toure, T. M. S. Tchombe, and T. Karsenti (Bamako, Mali: ERNWACA, 2008). 18 Muwanga, â€Å"High be of Internet Connectivity in Africa: How Do We procure Mobile Telephony Success narrative? ” 17 15 ICT in School Edu cation (Primary and Secondary) 2010Not only are national policies requisite but the Government also should assist in building organisational and institutional capacity to effectively deal with the complexities of integrating and implementing ICT in school education. Ministries of Education need to reconsider how they institutionalize positions of responsibility for ICT. The ICT unit’s roles relate directly to improvement of teaching and learning using ICT, and the mix of skills required differs substantially from that of a traditional IT unit, providing infrastructural systems support. Therefore, appropriate considerations have to be taken to establish the right kind of institutions and positions to take the mission forward. In the longer term, the active participation of the Government is essential to ensure the sector-wide introduction of ICT4E.Government occasion is critical to source extra investments in the ICT infrastructure, to integrate ICT in the curriculum, and to facilitate the widespread dispersion of materials. 19 Creating Community-Based ICT Facilities In 1999, the Bangladesh Rural promotional material Committee (BRAC) undertook an initiative to improve rural communities’ access to ICT facilities. This involved selecting 800 Gonokendros (multipurpose learning centers) and equipping them with computers so that rural communities become familiar with usage of ICT and have access to a wide range of reading materials and resources, educational and non-educational. The concept of community-based ICT facilities may be rotate at the school level to increase school students’ access to ICT-based materials. For example, one ICT nubble may be created for every ive schools in the village/block, and this content may be equipped with computers, television, radio, or other technologies. A timetable may be allocated so that each school has access to the ICT centre for one day of the week. Within each school again, different classes m ay be allocated different periods for accessing the ICT centre. The challenges with implementing such a scheme, is that the distance of the centre from the various schools that warrant the need for firming up the mode of students’ mobility and the frequency of such mobility to access the ICT facility and others. Moreover, the cost of renting or buying land and a building for setting up the ICT centre is some other deterrent.However, this concept of school communities using common ICT facilities is a feasible way in which to introduce students from rural communities to ICTs. Prioritizing and Planning Access to Remote Areas Special consideration should be given to ICT connectivity and accessibility for educational purposes. Bandwidth and spectrum of radio and television wavelengths should be allocated for education. Planning for connectivity infrastructure and regulations should promote and facilitate educational use of ICT. The trends toward convergence and new mobile platfor ms for InternetInternational Institute for Communication and Development, ICTs for Education: Impact and Lessons Learned from IICD-Supported Activities. 19 6 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 connectivity need to be fully exploited through innovative policies and partnerships that can help lower cost and expand access. Regional networks of collaboration among countries where language and cultural context are similar could serve as a platform to promote educational quality and equality in an effort to bridge the digital divide. greater exchange and collaboration in the production and management of educational resources would lower expenses in the development of materials as well as increase the amount of educational content available to teachers and students across the region. 0 Adopting ICTs worthy to the Context Given that Internet access is a problem for most schools, especially in rural areas, educators and administrators needs to consider the possibility of e stablishing Local Area Networks (LANs) in schools. Content could be hosted on school LANs, instead of trying to make them available on the Internet. A digital library on a server on the LAN would be a blue-chip asset, as it can store all types of digital content. Interactive multimedia material can also be hosted on the LAN at a much lower cost than on the Internet. This also has the added advantage of enabling students to access Programmes at their convenience, instead of having to adhere to a plan telecast.Given that India has invested significantly in educational television and already has a commendable satellite television infrastructure, schools should focus on leverage this technology. Some Indian educational conduct are planning to switch to DTH soon, and it is very practical for them to do this. imputable to the rapid fall in the cost of servers and storage, it is possible to record thousands of hours of TV programmes in digital form onto a server and make it available on demand from every PC on the LAN. 21 accent on Capacity Building The use of ICTs in education calls for a underlying shift in the way content is designed and delivered, as well as for teamwork and collaborative practices.New technologies cannot be imposed without enabling teachers and learners to understand these lineamental shifts. Ongoing training is necessary for the trainers in institutions and organizations who are engaged in the design of curriculum, teaching materials, and delivery of ICT-enabled education. At the same time, middle-level managers, twain in the public service and the nongovernmental organization sector, need to understand the pedagogy of learning through ICT and the management models that are required. Given that teachers themselves are not comfortable using ICTs for teaching purposes, it is critical that there is a focus on capacity building of teachers so that they are equipped adequately to use ICTs in the classrooms.A locally-accessible instructor/trai ner may be hired to provide training to the teachers on the usage of computers and Internet, and other ICTs that are proposed to be used in ‘Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Education for Development’, Global Alliance for ICT and Development, uninfected Paper July 2009. 21 Srinivasan Ramani, International Institute for Information Technology, Bangalore, e-Discussion with Community of Practitioners at UN Solution transfer (Communities of Education and ICT for Development). 20 17 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 the school. Further, the contracts of procurement of ICT products could include among other, a short-term handholding feature with respect to familiarization and effective usage of the facilities.It is also suggested that the Teachers Training Institutes (TTIs) shall ensure ICT-based teaching and learning methodologies be integrated into the educational streams and build capabilities to the next-generation teachers with th e capacity to handle ICT facilities with ease. Support of school administrators and, in some cases, the community, is critical if ICTs are to be used effectively. In addition, teachers must have adequate access to functioning computers (or other technologies) and sufficient technical support. fault pedagogies, redesigning curriculum and assessment tools, and providing more impropriety to local schools all contribute to the best use of ICTs in education.Creative Solutions to Computer Shortages Computer-based ICT interventions require significant investment in hardware. In addition, the expected active life of a computer is about 5 years, and as the hardware industry develops more sophisticated products, the software adapts to the top-of-the-line products. Computer recycling is an ecologically sound alternative to this problem. A ontogenesis number of not-for-profit organizations are dedicated to the tasks of collecting, refurbishing, and finding new homes for old computers. 22 I n most South Asian countries, it has been found that computer usage is most cost effective when placed in common areas such as cyber cafes, community resource centers, and so on.Alternative Power Sources Given the situation of power shortages in rural areas, and the effect of power shortage on the usage of computers and other technologies in schools, the Governments should actively promote the usage of alternate sources of power. This ecologically friendly solution will also ensure a steady power grant to schools in rural areas. For example, the Bangladesh National ICT Policy 2009 highlights the imperative of providing access to ICTs to all schools and using alternate sources of energy such as solar panels if required. Financing ICT Investments Financing mechanisms for ICTs in education initiatives are quite varied. Due to the high up-front costs and large perennial costs, countries and communities typically employ varied models of financial support and cost recovery mechanisms.P ublic-private partnerships and user fees are important components of financing ICTs in education in many countries, although more research is needed to determine the impact and effectiveness of these mechanisms (refer Annexure II for details on PublicPrivate Partnerships [PPPs]). Wadi D. Haddad and Sonia Jurich ‘ICT for Education: Prerequisites and Constraints’, ‘Technologies for Education: Potentials, Parameters and Prospects’ UNESCO and AED 2002. 22 18 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Conclusion A carefully thought-out, integrated approach to introducing computers and the Internet into learning environments in developing countries can have a significant impact on teaching and learning.In countries where learning resources are limited and teachers never dream of having a fully stocked library, let alone the Internet, teachers and students have been introduced to a new world of learning. As a result, those with access to ICTs have been g reatly empowered, and now believe they can compete in a global knowledge-based economy because they know that their knowledge, ideas, culture, and passions are as valuable as any in the world. In order to more effectively pay off students to participate in ICT-driven education, greater commitments and willingness to share and adopt innovative solutions are needed from all aspects of societyâ€from Governments, the private sector, communities, donors, parents, and students.Schools should be transformed into active learning environments open to their communities; telecommunication and power infrastructure policies should focus on schools as starting points for rural transformation; teachers and students must be empowered to be creative agents for change in their schools; and leaders must stuff a vision that will prepare their youth for tomorrow’s challenges. 23 Despite the challenges outlined in the paper, ICTs are being increasingly used in education in both the developed and developing world, in order to reach out to children from poor and remote communities, provide them with a quality education, and in general equip both teachers and students with a wider range of educational resource and enable them with greater flexibility. However, the growth and success of ICTs in education depends on the extent to which the issues and challenges outlined in this paper are addressed.There is a critical need to document every effort for the benefit of the various stakeholders†decision-makers, institutions, nongovernmental organizations and civil society. It is necessary to know what works and what does not, and what the implications are for policy making, planning, and implementation. Specifically, it needs to be understood that any new technology comes not further with hardware and software, but with a learning and teaching style and grammar of its own, and that management practices need to be adapted in order to use the technologies effectively. ICTs ar e, ultimately, only physical tools, which by themselves cannot bring benefits to students, teachers and communities at large.Therefore the unique contextual realities of this region, including, primarily, the initiative and impetus of the various countries and its constituents, the involvement of private companies and nongovernmental organizations, and the level of infrastructure, play find roles in creating enabling environments promoting the use of ICTs for primary and secondary education. 23 Robert J Hawkins ‘ tenner Lessons for ICT and Education in the Developing World’, World Links for Development Program, The World Bank Institute. 19 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Bibliography ? Center for Knowledge Societies (2003), quick Assessment of ICTs for Education. EDC. Education for All: National Plan of Action, India http://portal. unesco. org/education/en/file_download. hp/9a2c6bbea059f70c23fd46a 98ae9096bEFANPAIndia. pdf Information and Communic ation Technologies in Educational Management: The Missing Link in Developing Countries http://unpan1. un. org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN012316. pdf Integrating ICTs into Education: Lessons Learned http://www. unescobkk. org/education/ict/v2/info. asp? id=16158 Meta-survey on the Use of Technologies in Education in Asia and the Pacific 2003-2004 http://www. unescobkk. org/fileadmin/user_upload/ICTs/Metasurvey/COMPLETE. PDF Needs Assessment of ICTs in Education Policy Makers in Asia and the Pacific http://www. unescobkk. org/fileadmin/user_upload/ICTs/ebooks/ICTs_needassessmen t/assessmentfull. df New Technologies for Literacy and Adult Education: A Global Perspective http://ncal. literacy. upenn. edu/products/wagner_kozma. pdf ? ? ? ? ? 20 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Annexure I Monitoring and Evaluation in ICT The use of ICTs for school education as a result of the various programmes and projects apply in the South Asia region has had an i mpact on educational access and quality, yet there are major issues pertaining to the measurement of these indicators. Monitoring and evaluation of learning gains, teaching practices, classroom environments, students’ participation, and other activities are required and necessary for addressing ICTs-enabled educational quality and access.However, one of the major hurdles in assessing these indicators was that the majority of the programmes and projects implemented did not have adequate quantitative or qualitative monitoring or evaluation activities. Further even if any monitoring and evaluation activities were conducted they did not adequately measure indicators pertaining to ICTs enabled educational quality and access. Monitoring and evaluating of programmes and projects are critical to ensure projects achieve their intended impacts and become sustainable in the long run. Appropriate indicators must be identified for every ICT project that can be monitored in order to effect ively track progress.Stakeholders at all levels must be part of this process to ensure transparency and to avoid potentially pestilent practices throughout the projects. Together with Aptivate, a UK-based NGO providing IT services for international development, Camfed, a NGO improving girls’ education in Zimbabwe, Zambia, gold coast and Tanzania, has tested the efficiency and quality of individualised digital assistants (PDAs) as a tool for monitoring and evaluation. This method is extremely time efficient. Data can be cipher within hours rather than weeks and through its ability to connect to the Internet it can be transmitted directly from the worker in the field to the headquarter. 4 Supply-side based development models which are based on centralize designs and make â€Å"top down” assumptions of people (â€Å"teachers are resistant to change” or â€Å"lethargy of management”) have been tried several times and have not been found to be successful. H ence, a â€Å"monitoring and evaluation” theme that does not situate itself on the needs for professional development of the teacher, based on principles of autonomy, an agency can end up emphasizing centralized databases that seek to â€Å"control” teachers work based on quantitative assessments of children performance, which can be harmful to meaningful education. 25 This is not to disavow the importance of â€Å"infrastructure” or â€Å"content” or â€Å"capacity building,” except o state that these perspectives appear to reflect an dominant â€Å"ICTD” kind of thinking which is mostly â€Å"supply based. ” â€Å"We have ICTs so let us see what we can do with them” such ‘Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Education for Development’, Global Alliance for ICT and Development, whiten Paper July 2009. 25 Gurumurthy Kasinathathan, IT for Change, Bangalore, Solution Exchange for the ICT for Develop ment Community, 31 July 2008. 24 21 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 approaches do not proceed from the identifications of the objectives to be met, or critical challenges to be faced, from the respective domain’s perspective.They seek to thrust some overarching technological world views on development domains whose enormous contexts and complexities, challenges, and goals are not given the prime positions as drivers of the policy. Some suggested evaluating parameters that may be applied to monitor the effective implementation of the policy on ICT in school education are as follows26: ? Are the ICT-based methodologies in sync with the existing traditional teaching? ? Does ICT facilitate the teacher in teaching better? ? Does ICT help in explaining abstract concepts? ? Does ICT make learning more exciting? ? Does ICT prod the student to know more, beyond the classroom? Does ICT make the student understand better and take away lessons taught during his abse nce or in way alien to him or her? ? Does ICT make learning more participative and encourage group learning? ? Does ICT support interaction? ? Does ICT ensure continued progress through enhanced learning? ? Is the ICT-based solution a textbook rogue turner and contains too much of textual content? ? Is there an excess on animations and cartoons? ? Are the animations too trivial or too complicated? Annexure II Public-Private Partnership in ICT Collaborative initiatives in the manner of PPP, to promote ICT for education may be most relevant at the implementation level, where select key roles and responsibilities may be outsourced in order to make them more viable and efficient.However, one needs to be vigilant about partner-institutions, which may have direct business interest in the value chain while the outsourced role on which they are inducted might enable performance of roles that may conflict the general interest and purpose of the initiative. Moreover, there is also skeptici sm about the degree to which the ability of such partnerships under PPP arrangements will work to reach interior rural areas and conduct operations on the scale required. 27 If the Ministry of Education has to solely take on this task of equipping the schools with ICT facilities, it would be an enormous task and will require funds in large sums.Therefore, M. V. Ananthakrishnan, developmental Informatics Lab, KreSIT, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Solution Exchange for the ICT for Development Community, 31 July 2008. 27 Binay Pattanayak, National adept Support Group, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), New Delhi, Solution Exchange for the ICT for Development Community, 31 July 2008. 26 22 ICT in School Education (Primary and Secondary) 2010 Governments will invariably need to form appropriate strategic partnerships in order to succeed in this endeavor of implementing ICT in schools. The most common type of agreement is â€Å"seeding fund” partnerships with emphasis on front-end costs and mostl y capital costs.However, such an approach tends to belittle the total cost of ownership (TCO) of computers and other ICT equipment, which includes recurrent costs such as ongoing hardware maintenance and upgrades of hardware and software in addition to initial capital outlays. Also, teachers have to devote additional time and effort to lear\r\n'