Evaluating the Research Process Essay

Literature critiqueThe following paper will address the research handle employ the article Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in large(predicate) Adolescents. The research process consists of nine parts that include selecting a problem, formulating a hypothesis, freshening the literature, listing the measures, describing the subjects, constructing a design, constructing and sending measurement devices, analysis of the data, and generating conclusions (Neutens & Rubinson, 2010). The literature review shows that insubstantial maternal quality is a multifaceted problem. Adolescent maternal quality has chance factors that must be taken into account.EthicsSome of these risk factors would be the ethical considerations. The Nuremberg Code which was realised in 1947 tried to provide regulations. These regulations were to prevent any more atrocities in human research (Neutens & Rubinson, 2010). One of the ethical considerations would be informed try for. awargon consent came nigh by and by the Nuremberg Code. Informed consent is about intercourse the subject about the details of the research, any risks or benefits that could come about (Neutens & Rubinson, 2010) Ethical considerations must be taken into consideration when performing tests on human subjects. If anything is not disclosed in the informed consent, it would leave the researchers unprotected to a lawsuit as well as invalidating the research theater of operations. In the article, Assessing Pregnancy Intention and Associated Risks in Pregnant Adolescents, informed consent was followed. Informed consent was obtained from the participant and if the participant was younger than 18 long time old, consent was obtained from her guardian with assent of the minor (participant) (Phipps & Nunes, 2012). The researchers found the subjects during their first antepartum c argon appointment to the Women and Infants Hospital Womens Primary Care Center, Providence, RI betwixt March 2002 and February 2005 (Phipps & Nunes,2012).Steps were taken to ensure that the participants would be considered adolescents even after their babies were born and that they would understand what was expected of them. The research canvas was conducted by using research assistants that interviewed the participants. They were questioned about their demographic characteristics, life plans, social supports, peer and family relationships, pecuniary support, behavioral risks, and medical history (Phipps & Nunes, 2012). In example, research surveys included clear questions where available and where not available content-relevant questions were assessed for face validity. The surveys underwent a process of review and revision that included both clinical experts and age-relevant volunteers (). In the survey, subjects were asked about maternalism planning, so that the assistants could assess the subjects level of agreement with statements. The statements were coded to assess for risk factors. The statements ranged from laborious to get enceinte and best age to get pregnant as well as over alone feelings about maternity (Phipps & Nunes, 2012).Statistical outlineAll of the information that was ga in that locationd by the research assistants from the participants is use upd in the statistical analysis to determine the significance level. The significance level of a statistical hypothesis test is a fixed probability of wrong rejecting the null hypothesis, if it is in fact true. The significance level is typically position at five percent (The Statistics Glossary, n.d.). So anything higher than five percent would be considered statistically insignificant. The researchers did observe significant associations between our pregnancy intention metrics and known risk factors for poor outcomes (Phipps & Nunes, 2012). There were deuce dimensions of pregnancy intention that the researchers assessed. The two significant dimensions were stirred eagerness and planning. activated readiness was more strongly associated with risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes.Pregnant teens identified as not emotionally ready were at increase risk for slow up prenatal care, inadequate prenatal care utilization, delayed use of prenatal vitamins, recent smoking, recent drinking, recent drug use and depression (Phipps & Nunes, 2012). The findings in the research take article is statistically significant. The study showed that emotional readiness and planning are critical for having a kempt pregnancy. Before this study came out, researchers thought that being emotionally ready was not nearly as grievous to pregnancy as proper wellness care. However, if one is not emotionally ready it can affect getting proper health care.Research ConclusionsThe conclusion to this study determined that emotional readiness and planning are the main risk factors for adolescent pregnancy that has adverse outcome. This study tests the thought that emotional readiness and planning are the tw o near main(prenominal) factors against family type as the most important risk factor. If the study was looking into preventing adolescent pregnancy, then family type is the most important risk factor. Emotional readiness and planning are important so that one will have a healthy pregnancy. The results to this study are appropriate. There is enough information to determine that the article was thence effective. The statistics provided in this study were quantitative in nature. The data was collected in an ethical manner. This can be determined by the appropriate extrusion criteria. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the question adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify adolescents that are at risk for pregnancy. The results to this study are very appropriate and there is enough information to determine that the article was indeed effective.The statistics provided in this study were clearly listed and defined. The data was ethically collected and appropriate exclusion criteria were indicated to fend off producing biased results. The article further indicates that previous research was conducted on the topic of adolescent pregnancy. This research enabled the creation of a scoring method to identify those at risk of adolescent pregnancy. The article, Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents, looks into risk factors for adolescents becoming pregnant and having a health pregnancy. The article uses the research process to come to the conclusions that family type, emotional readiness and planning are all important. Family type is statistically important because it states that an adolescent is more at risk for pregnancy if they come from a less than ideal home. Emotional readiness and planning is statistically important because they can affect pregnancy outcome. These conclusions are the same conclusions that the researchers came to in their artic le.ReferencesNeutens, J. J., & Rubinson, L. (2010). Research techniques for the health sciences (4th Ed.). San Francisco, CA Pearson Benjamin Cummings. Phipps, M. G., & Nunes, A. P. (2012). Assessing pregnancy intention and associated risks in pregnant adolescents. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(9), 1820-7. insidehttp//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10995-011-0928-0 The Statistics Glossary. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.stats.gla.ac.uk/glossary/

Banquo and Macbeth Essay

Banquos tad appearing at the banquet is a graphic manifestation of the guilt that Macbeth feels. Since, Lady Macbeth needs to make excuses for Macbeths interaction with the ghost of Banquo means that the ghost is only visible in Macbeths eyes. During Macbeths coronation banquet, Lady Macbeth pulls Macbeth asides and asks him the reason behind his hostile behavior. Macbeth becomes angry because Lady Macbeth robustly accuses him of lying. When Lady Macbeth calls Macbeth a liar he replies, If I stand here, I was him(3.4.89). Trying to convince Lady Macbeth of what he saw, Macbeth has to prove to himself that he witnessed Banquo interrupt the feast. Baquos ghost is a figment of Macbeths guilt. Macbeth tries to convince himself that he sees a ghost and is not issue mad. After touchableizing he is truly the only one seeing Banquos ghost Macbeth comes to the conclusion that This seeing Banquos ghost is more strange / Than such a murder is(3.4.98-99).Fear cuts deeper than a sword. Simil ar to his earlier epiphany, Macbeth accepts the fact that Banquo is baseless on Macbeths account. When Macbeth returns to the table he proposes a toast that, I drink to th general joy o th unit of measurement table / And to our dear friend Banquo, whom we miss(3.4.108-109). Now, in a spirit level of acceptance, Macbeth is able to tame the million thoughts fighting in his head. Macbeth is in a state of denial. To insure himself that he is not going insane, Macbeth tells Banquos Ghost that Thy bones are marrowless thy blood is cold / Thou hast no hypothesis in those eyes / Which thou dost glare with(3.4.114-116). Similar to when Macbeth tells his wife he saw a ghost, Macbeth tries to remain sane. We are not exposed to our real personality until something really awful happens. Once something bad happens all of the unusable things fall away until we are left with who we really are.Work CitedShakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat and capital of Minnesota Werstine. Folge r ed. New York City Simon & Schuster, 1992. Print.

Essay on “Rape, Racism, and the Law” Essay

Jennifer Wriggins analyzes the significance how race, ethnicity, and class influence a muliebritys vulnerability to vitiate, the meaning and imp mo flexforcet of the rape, and the response of family, of community, and of social institutions. Her article, Rape, Racism, and the Law, specifically focuses on the history of rape in the United States between the rapes of dust coat women by Black men. As a feminist, she specifically focuses on 2 very damaging consequences of this selective blindness the defense reactions that Black women are violate and all women are subject to pervasive and harmful intimate compulsion of all kinds. Thorough this powerful essay, she examine the legal systems treatment of rape and how racism plays a major part in denying the rights of African Americans, as well as, deny the veracity of womens sexual subordination by creating a social meaning of rape which implies that the unaccompanied type of sexual abuse is illegal rape and the only cause of ille gal rape is Black offender/White victim.I was anger after reading this article. This article highly irritated and annoyed me because of the interconnection of rape and racism. As a woman, it is hard not to get change about this particular subject. Presently, there are now m any(prenominal) struggles against rape. And, in acknowledging the struggles against rape one must excessively acknowledge the difference among women and the antithetic ways that groups other than women are disempowered. In one of the many examples in this essay, racism and justice collide when in 1859 the Mississippi Supreme greet dismissed the indictment of a male striver for the rape of a female slave less than 10 years old. This indictment cannot be sustained, either at common faithfulness or under our statutes. It charges no offense known to either system.Slavery was unknown to the common law and hence its provisions are inapplicable There is no act which embraces either the attempted or actual commiss ion of a rape by a slave on a female slave Master and slaves cannot be governed by the same system or laws so different are their position, right and duties. This ruling is disheartening in a few ways Black men are held to lesser standards of chasteness with Black women that are white men with White women second, white men are held to lesser standards of restraint with black women that are Black men with white women. However, neither white nor black men were expected to come out sexual restraint with black women. This is truly upsetting,to me, because no man no matter what color should have the right to exercise rape or sexual coercion of any kind with any woman of any color without her consent.This reading is important to social work practice because it reflects and sumptuous and integrated approach to judgment rape, racism, and the law. By exploring the interconnectedness of rape and racism, I learned to analyze the assumptions implanted in and surrounding rape, racism, and so cial institutions. Finally, it develops understanding of the narrow focus of the black offender and the white rape victim, and the denial of the rape of black women, which engages within the cultural assumption of American purchase order that is important to understand in the field of social work. This reading also teaches up to be receptive social work professionals able to work respectfully and competently with diverse population groups, with at the same term to understand and develop a sensitivity and respect for human rights. with this reading, it is easy to see how stereotypes of racial and ethnic differences can have squeeze on a persons life in regards to consequences, rewards, and punishments. It has not fit in because examining substantive justice arguably requires that human rights to life, well-being, and the commodities inherent to life and well-being, be given priority whenever a societal stopping point is made. Societal conditions and institutional arrangements sh ould be recognized as grounds for justification because they may impose limits and constraints on the choices available to an individual that are as unavoidable and compelling as those imposed by chance or by another human being. It is a scary thought that your peel off color or sex could work against you in the legal system, exactly it does happen. For this reason, it is easy to understand why many women are not reporting these incidents.Reference Rape, Racism, and the Law by Jennifer Wriggins

Ancient Religions Essay

The superannuated Scandinavian pietism was commonly followed and pract triped by people in northern regions of the world, such as Scandinavia, Norway, Iceland and surrounding countries. It was believed that the world first came or so when a northern and southern land, Niflheim and Muspellheim, both joined together. Niflheim (house of mists) , an extremely cold, icy land and Muspellheim (home of desolation) the seemingly opposite of Niflheim, a hot, fiery land.As both lands joined together, the reaction of the contrasting temperatures caused the ice of Niflheim to melt creating the first two living creatures Ymer, the giant and Audhumla, a young-bearing(prenominal) cow. From these two the first Gods were created (Odin, Vile and Ve), and from them the first benevolent beings were created by Odin from an elmwood and ash tree. Due to a disagreeance between Ymer and the Gods, the giant was killed and from his body, landforms and former(a) living races were created.The gods were rev ered by many as they were the creators of the races and established the polar parts of the world, the world tree or Yggdrasil included. The Yggdrasil is one of the principal beliefs in Nordic religion as it was known as the centre of their Nordic universe, the world tree was said to have held nine distinct nations within its branches. The realms were situated in different areas of the tree at the top, within the canopy Asgard (heaven) was located. This is where many gods lived including Odin in Valhalla.In addition to Asgard two other realms Vanaheim (home of the profusion god) and Aflheim (home of light elves) were located at the highest level of the world tree. These realms were known as divine. Norse folk believed that Midgard, the middle section of Yggdrasil held the human world. along with midgard, Nidavellir, Jotunheim and Svartalfhiem, home of the dwarves, giants and dark elves were in any case present here. At the third and buttocks level of the tree the two lands th at created the first living beings are found.It is believed that Hel, the backside of death, is part of the harsh, destitute lands of Niflheim. Hel is connected to one of the three main get-go of the world tree and it is known as the underworld, the second root leads to Jotunheim( realm of the giants) and the third is connected to the divine realm, Asgard. The roots linked together the different levels and realms of the tree, likewise Bifrost, a magical bridge located between Asgard and the human world, Midgard was another connection between realms, allowing gods an entrance into the mortal world.The Influence of the Nordic beliefs in society was great as followers of the ancient religion could identify with the extreme life conditions and harsh weather that was also represent in the Nordic creation story. The Norse saw their conditions of life as a blessing from the gods and often used these gifts to the greatest advantage for manikin work force often became farmers, cultivator s, tradesmen or traders. Women in Nordic society also searched for meaning and insight from the gods as they held powerful positions in the religion. Women played a strong part in the community and often had to run the villages when the Viking warriors were away.The Norse strived to maintain a balanced lifestyle from the influence of what they had learned and co-ordinated from the gods. Odin was known as a wise and great warrior and many Viking men chose to follow the same path by becoming a warrior also. I was believed that one of the only worthy ways to die was to die in battle. This factor greatly contributed to the decisions of the Norse men. When a warrior died in battle he would go on to Valhalla, in the divine realm, if not they would go to Hel. The Norse people not only sought meaning from the gods, but from the actions and rituals they performed.

America’s Management of the Cold War

The frigorific war pertains to the tension and rivalry the existed amidst America and the Soviet Union ap proximately after the end of the bit World fight until the latish 1970s. Neither side confronted each opposite directly in a full blown war still they channel their competition and rivalry through wars in other nations who fought for their ideals on their behalf.The Vietnam War where America is set a advancest combating fabianism illustrated that cold war conflict. scorn the oppressive and corrupt government of Ngo Dinh Diem of S push throughh Vietnam, his anti communistic stance won him the support of the American government to fight against the pro communist North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh, who was backed up by Russia and China.Following the Domino theory, the American government along with their Western assort feared that communism impart spread like a disease from cardinal country to another and the power and influence of the Soviet Union will further expand. (Ki ssinger, p15)The Vietnam War as a dummy war between the US and the Soviet Union was an effort to contain the spread of communism which threatened and impeded the objective of the US government to achieve governmental, economic and host hegemony in the world.Politically, communism is directly in contrast to the political ideologies and principles that served as the pillars for the foundation of a political governance of the America, to wit, free election, capitalism, unmarried freedom and democracy, among others.Economically, the political dominance of communism is detrimental to the individualistic endeavors of the US and its western allies in enhancing their access to global market for their expanding capitalistic economy. Democracy is necessary to open nations to engage in free mass and restrict the economic intervention of governments in facilitating the same.Militarily, the maintenance of a earth of war permitted and justified the perpetual endeavor and investment for the creation and proliferation of in advance(p) military arsenal, which will help ensure the military dominance of the US.And indeed, the cold war bear witnessed to the unprecedented advancement of military weaponry, the nuclear ordnance race (e.g. Hydrogen Bomb) as well as equipment and agencies for global espionage (CIA and KGB).In the late 1960s, the threat of communism in the US is starting to gain attention in the midst of the civil rights movement and the unpopularity of the Vietnam War, among others which engendered civil unrests at the home front.Driven by anti communism anxieties, the Cold War then served to further justify the increased government control over the American citizens which was manifested with the expansion of executive power. In 1950 for instance, US President Truman contended that spending appropriations (especially for military operations) is the discretionary power of the president. (Fausold and Shank, p113).Also, the House of Un-American Activities Commi ttee was created for the Investigation, early undercover work and curtailment of communism especially directed against labor union leaders, venture government officials and other political personalities.Under these premises, the cold war benefits and served the US outmatch in order to withstand the threat of communism and eventually thrived to hold out the most powerful nation in the world.The military intervention and US foreign policy during the cold war for purposed of achieving political power and maintaining corporeal profit were essential components for establishing the imperialistic dominion that the US currently enjoys today. Russia walked out of the cold war game leaving the US alone in front of the chess board. (Zinn and Arnove, p548)ReferencesFausold, M and Shank, A. (1991). The Constitution and the American presidencySUNY PressKissinger, H. (2003). Ending the Vietnam War A History of Americas Involvement in and Extrication from the Vietnam War. Touchstone BooksZinn, H. and Arnove, A. (2004). Voices of a peoples history of the United States. Seven Stories Press

Jet Study Case Study Essay

1. What types of information musical arrangements and concern functions argon described in this case? Information formations JetBlues reservation system utilize for track luggage and scheduling is an example of a Transaction Processing corpse (TPS) a figurerized system that performs and records the daily routing minutes necessary to conduct course. JetBlues system for managing planes and crews is an example of a focusing Information System (MIS). The system actiond middle management with information obtained from its TPS that was essential in making the accountability purpose when managing planes and crews. Business functions JetBlues communication, reservation and computer systems were described in this case. They represent Sales and IT business functions.2. What is JetBlues business model?JetBlue business model was saving money both from streamlined information systems and magnetic dip staffing, while offering top-notch client service at bud set off prices. The ai r hose featured new Airbus A320 planes with leather sears, each equipped with a individualised TV screen, and averaging one way fargons of only $99 per passenger. JetBlue was able to offer low fares by using information systems to automate key processes such as ticket sales by approximatelyly selling them online and baggage handling, by introducing electronic tags to avail track luggage. Both initiatives eliminated paper, improverd susceptibility and lowered costs. Initially, JetBlue flew only one type of aircraft the Airbus 320. This approach enabled the airline to order flight operations and maintenance procedures. Both measures resulted in signifi wadt savings. How do its information systems wear the business model?JetBlue used a mavin vendor, Microsoft, to design JetBlues extensive network of information systems. Using a single vendor provided a technology framework where JetBlue could keep a small staff and favor in-house development of systems over outsourcing or rel ying on consultants, allowing the comp whatsoever to keep its costs low.3. What was the chore experienced by JetBlue in this case? JetBlues senior management made an incorrect decision to maintain its schedule during an ice beleaguer. Nine airplanes were stranded on the tarmac for anywherebetween six and ten hours. JetBlue waited likewise long to cabbage help for the stranded passengers because the airline figured the planes would take off eventually. Meanwhile, the put up conditions and the delays and micklecellation of other flights caused customers to flood JetBlues reservation system, which could not handle that such(prenominal) traffic. At the same time, many of the airlines pilots and flight crews were also stranded and unable to get to locations where they could replace crews that had just worked their maximum hours without rest, to a greater extentover did not actually go anywhere. What management, organization, and technology factors were responsible for the proble m? centering factors JetBlue did not have a Decision Support System that would support nonroutine decision making and focus on unique and changing problems by using information from TPS, MIS and other external sources.Such a system would allow JetBlues management to make a better apprised decision whether or not they should maintain their schedule during an ice storm or cancel all flights. Organizational factors JetBlue lacked an opening move Resource cooking System that would help significantly to help locate missing baggage and quickly locate airlines pilots and flight crews. Technology factors JetBlues transaction processing system and lean staffing were responsible for the problem. Under prevalent circumstances, the lean staff was sufficient to handle all operations and the computer systems functioned wholesome below their capacity. However, during a radical increase in activity, tasks such as rebooking passengers, handling baggage and locating crew members became impossib le.4. Based on what youve learned in this chapter, what kinds of systems and business functions were involved in JetBlues problem? It seems the company did not plan for something like that to ever happen. All systems and business functions focused on performing day-to-day activities. JetBlue did not have any enterprise applications that are designed to coordinate multiple functions and business processes. Enterprise systems integrate the key internal business processes of a firm into a single package product system to improve coordination, efficiency, and decision making. It would allow their SkySolver and cut systems to communication much effectively and efficiently. During the crisis, some flight attendants were unable to get in touch with anyone who could tell them what do for three days. The systemwould help locating the flight crews and off-duty crews and direct them to the correct destination. The transaction processing systems (TPS) used by JetBlue was not designed to han dle a significant increase in activity.The principle purpose of TPS is to answer routing questions and to track the flow of transactions through the organization. Due to an increased number of phone calls, the system was not able to perform those functions. It also looks like JetBlue did not have a decision-support system (DSS) in place to support nonroutine decision making. Since DSS focuses on problems that are unique and rapidly changing, it could have helped the company deal with the crisis more efficiently and effectively. Since a well designed ESS system would expose the fragility of the infrastructure, it can be assumed that companys executive support systems (ESS) was e really non-existing or did not function as intended. There was also no guest Relationship Management System. A well designed Customer Relationship Management System would allow JetBlue better communication with its customers. During the crisis when so many flights were cancelled, the process of rebooking and looking for baggage became unmanageable.5. Evaluation JetBlues solvent to the crisis. What solutions did the airline come up with? Throughout the debacle, JetBlues CEO David G. Neelman was very visible and forthcoming with accountability and apologies. On the technology front, JetBlue deployed new software that would send recorded message to pilots and flight attendants to inquire about their availability. erstwhile the call is returned, it would be entered into a system that stores the date for access and analysis. From a staffing point standpoint, the airline promised to create backups from the airline corporate office for the departments that were stretched too thin by the effects of the storm. JetBlue also created a customer broadside of rights to enforce standards for customer treatment and airline behavior. The company changed its operational school of thought to make more accommodation for inclement weather. How were these solutions utilize?The new software was implemen ted by JetBlue. 100 employees from the Corporate Office were trained to serve as backups. Customer Bill of Rights enforced standards for customer treatment and airline behavior. JetBlue set themaximum time for holding passengers on a decelerate plane to five hours. JetBlue would be penalized when it failed to provide proper service and customers who were subjected to suffering service would be rewarded. Do you think that JetBlue found the correct solutions and implemented the correctly? I think JetBlues took a step in the right direction. It implemented a new software that would search for forthcoming pilots faster and trained additional employees to serve as backups.What other solutions can you think of that JetBlue has not tried? I believe there are many solutions that would be beneficial to JetBlue. They are * Creating an Enterprise Risk Management process in the organization. The process would allow JetBlue to identify possible shortcomings that cleverness happen in the futu re and allow the company to be more prepared. * If JetBlue lacked expertise within the company to identified subject fields of concern, it could have brought outside consultants that would be able to pinpoint all of the companys shortcomings. * The case did not talk about how JetBlue fixed its Open Skies reservations system, its website or its system for tracking lost luggage. All of the abovementioned systems failed during the crisis on February 14, 2007. Solutions such as a more powerful reservation system, an enhanced website that would allow more traffic and a computerized system for recording and tracking lost bags would be beneficial to the company.6. How well is JetBlue prepared for the future? Are the problems described in this case believably to be repeated? Even though JetBlue made some changes to get word that another crisis wont happen, I am not confident(p) all necessary actions were performed by the company. JetBlue should be more proactive in ensuring that future p roblems wont affect its operations rather than universe reactive and fixing problems that came to the surface. Which of JetBlues business processed are most vulnerable to breakdowns? The bigger problem for JetBlue is changing its culture and philosophy. It seems that JetBlue is still averse to invest significant amounts of money into modern and reliable technology and go steady they have proper staffing thats why I feel that IT area is most vulnerable to breakdown first. How much ordain a customer bill of rights help?The customer bill of rights was designed for the protection of the customer,not the airline. It is there to ensure the airline is responsible for the unfair treatment of the customer. It will help bring some of the customers back, however, it wont fix JetBlues problems to future breakdowns.

Behavioural Issues Within Budgeting Essay

Objectives of BudgetingThrough ciphering boldnesss dismiss provide information for strategic plan and encounter, these be the two main objectives of the cipherary function carcass. Management and concern accountants must work together and operate a dust that acquires these objectives, they do so through a governance c on the wholeed variance analysis. Management accountants equality the actual results against the budgets they then send reports to the direction concerning the extent to which budgets atomic number 18 creation met. Management can then guard activities by making possible steps to stop situations where the budget is macrocosm ignored or overlooked.To run across their controlling and planning needs, management and management accountants adapt the feedback and feed-forward principles (types of controls). As swell up as feedback, budgetary systems consist of feed-forward controls, where pass judgment out get ons can be comp ard with sought after outco mes. A recent report Tayles (1998) suggests that, feedforward control consists of a prediction being made of anticipated future outputs. If the expected outputs differ from what outputs are desired, control actions are implemented to minimise these differences. Control is in that respectfore, achieved, if the control actions are effective, onwards any bending from the objective output occurs. Feedback is the detection of a deviation between actual results and an objective normally this is carried out after the lawsuit and is essentially error based. Research has shown that up to date, accurate feedback has a motivational effect, delay and inaccurate data are demotive. Most fundamental laws adopt these controls, as they are effective and aid the pursuit of a budgetary control system.Target view is another objective of budgeting and may possibly earn motivational benefits. Setting levels that are realistic and move inly stated al downcast encourage employees to make more ef fort to achieve it than they might other do. However, the motivational effect of budgetary control is far from clear, as we shall weigh later in this report. In addition, thither is nopoint in having targets and controls if they are kept a secret. Through conference, organisations can enhance the take aim of information that flows from top management to employees (subordinates).These are just some of the arguments for budgeting. The simpleness of this report will concentrate on the demeanoural issues in a budgetary control system. behavioral ConsiderationsWhen drafting and planning a budgeting system there are behavioural issues to consider as budgets can choose implications for human behaviour and, budgeting can surrender harmful side personal effects on murder. There is a danger that employees will concentrate entirely on the objectives set by the budget, regardless of whether or not it is organizationally desirable. This office that privates would set out to exploit t he rules of the budgetary control system to boost their individualist performance, ignoring other areas not monitored by the control system. Drury (2000, p.600) name that actual behaviour may be modified so that desired results appear to be obtained, although they may have been achieved in an undesirable musical mode which is detrimental to the firm. In addition, budgets may give management a means of judging the performance of their teams. Its assumed that, the setting of performance measures should complement the setting of new strategies and objectives and the implementation of action plans for the organisation. However, that adherence to the budget alone cannot measure all aspects of a managers performance. Therefore, it is beta that managers achieve their targets frequently enough to give positive feedback in their efforts. some other behavioural aspect to consider when introducing a budgetary control system is the controls set by the new system, as these may cause prejudi cious attitudes. A potential cause of nix attitudes is the way a control is applied, if targets are considered unachievable and applied too rigorously, they may cause negative attitudes. This may overly lead to harmful side effects such(prenominal) as the lack of cultivation congruence and organisational performance. However, if care is taken in designing the control system negative attitudes may be avoided. Drury (2000, p.601) makes a similar argument, The way thata control system is applied can be just as alpha as the design issues in determining the success of a control system.Importance of Behavioural Considerations in the Budgetary ProcessParticipationInteraction of managers and employees or budgetees to the targets that are incorporated in their budgets is known as participation. Tayles (1998) suggests that, participation in the budget summons and discussion over how results are to be measured has benefits in terms of budget attitude and performance of the budgetee. This would be of an advantage to an organisation as employees would be more receptive of the targets and more committed to achieving them. In addition, the levels of staff morale would be greater than before. Participation can also improve communications and tends to improve the degree to which budgets are met. For example, participation creates a common understanding of the organisations objectives and makes achieving goals more likely.CommunicationCommunication is a prerequisite activity in all factors of management and can be by and large defined as an exchange of information to bring about a mutual understanding between two parties. Welsch (1988)Defining or elucidative the lines of communication within an organisation can be a potent aid in the construction of the budget. Communication can have an pregnant part to play in the budgets objectives, targets and responsibilities throughout the organisation. Carried out properly, this can have considerable benefits in promoting co-oper ation at all levels. Therefore, in order for an organisation to wok effectively there must be lines of communication so that all parts can de kept fully informed of the part they are expected to play in achieving the budget. This aspect can have outstanding behavioural implications throughout an organisation as the attitude of the person who receives the communication may be affected.MotivationBy setting challenging just realistic targets, well-designed budgets can play a significant part in motivating managers and employees to perform in line with the organisational objectives. The targets must be clear and achievable, and the manager should participate in setting his or her own budget, as it is more likely to be acknowledged. Generally, its believed for budgets to motivate, higher objectives should be set. The levels of expected performance that are set influence the motivation of managers responsible for target achievement.If levels are set too high, then there is a arduous di sincentive to management involvement in the budgetary process, and a low level of motivation. It levels are set too low, then managers can achieve targets easily despite inefficiencies. This is known as budgetary slack. Setting inhibit levels of acquirement in budgets is a complex and difficult activity with an eventful behavioural dimension. Therefore, it can be said that motivation is a process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behaviour induced by the panorama of satisfying individual needs.Goal CongruenceGoal congruence means that as quite a little work to achieve their own goals, they also work to achieve the goals of the organisation. Nevertheless, there is a danger that employees will concentrate only on what is been monitored, starring(p) to a lack of goal congruence. Focused on preventing this undesirable behaviour and encouraging goal congruence is controls, for example, action or behavioural controls. put to death or behavioural controls involves managers watc hing employees as they go about there work and if the managers know what actions are desirable (or undesirable) the desired outcomes will come about. Performance measures may be used as a heartfelt indicator of what is desirable to achieve an organisations goals and some measure may encourage goal congruence or organisationally desirable behaviour. For this to be effective management must also ensurethat desired actions are taken.Goal commentaryA further use of budgets is as a basis for setting performance standards and rewards, for example, bonus, status or enhanced promotion prospects are much linked to budget attainment. This may be defined as a process theory of motivation that focuses on the process of setting goals, Emmanual (1992). It is argued that the natural human preference to set and strive for these goals is useful only if the individual both understands and accepts a particular goal.Therefore fundamental to goal attainment is*an understanding and acceptance of a pa rticular goal (goal congruence)*skills to achieve the goal*confidence that they have the skills to achieve the goal*a reasonable expectation of achieving that goalPeople work more efficiently when they have goals and targets. Therefore, if the targets are agreed and accepted by individuals, they should achieve goal congruence and motivation. terminalIt will be apparent from this report that budgets serve various purposes and in some cases, these purposes can be in conflict and have a consequent effect on management and employee behaviour. Nevertheless, if controls are put in place that focuses on preventing undesirable behaviour, employees of an organisation would be discouraged from taking part in such actions.Budgets serve as a means of forecasting, planning, control and a channel ofcommunication and motivation. But, a good budgetary system should be designed to*meet the objectives regarded as most important by senior management*provide information which is useful in meeting thos e objectives*Reduce the risk of unintended and undesirable behaviours.REFERENCESDrury, C. (2000) Management & greet Accounting, 5th edition, Thomson LearningEmmanual, C. Otley, D. Merchant, K. (1992) Readings in Accounting for Management Control, Chapman & HallTayles, M. (01 fall 1998) budgetary control the organisational aspectsAvailable at www.acca.comAccessed 7 April 2002Welsch, G.A. Hilton, R.W. Gordon, P.N. (1988) Budgeting Profit cookery and Control, 5th edition, Prentice Hall

John Fitzgerald Kennedy

tin can Fitzgerald Kennedy was one of the most influential and beloved presidents of unite States history. However, his death is shrouded in mystery. When all is said and done, conspiracy theorists have left-hand(a) virtually no stone unturned in an attempt to excuse the tragedy of November 22, 1963. Clearly Lee Harvey Oswald was present and did shoot a gun. provided did his fume kill JFK? Did he act alone? Many hatful have their own ideas of what very happened that day.One common theory is that the Cuban regime coordinateed a piddle on the President. The President had attempted to brim everywhere Cuba, and though the plan failed, Castro knew that further plans were in the works. Likewise, Kennedy had made several unprofitable attempts on Castros life. Getting rid of Kennedy would certainly enable Castro to storage argona control of Cuba (Anders 1993).A similar theory is that anti-Castro Cubans killed Kennedy. Perhaps they were hoping that if the suspicion were focuse d on Castro, America would demand retaliation. Later, designate have the appearance _or_ semblanceed to surface from a former Castro secret agent that Oswald was genuinely hired by the Cuban government (Anders 1993, McAdams 2004). With Oswalds death, the facts of these reports could non be verified, though Castro staunchly denies this report.Similarly, Russia, the US cold war opponent, was fazed by JFKs youth and erratic nature. He would be assailable of elevating the cold war to a full blown World contend III. With the introduction of nuclear technology, the fear of a US strike on Russia was also a concern. Therefore, the Russians planned the assassination. In a related theory, this order came from Nikita Khrushchev himself (Anders 1993).A nonher popular theory is that the maffia ordered a hit on Kennedy. Initially, some big name crime bosses such as surface-to-air missile Giancana worked with Jimmy Hoffa and the teamsters to get President Kennedy elected, particularly throu gh votes in Ohio ( Unfortunately, President Kennedy and his comrade Robert Kennedy, the US Attorney General, had later stepped up prosecutions of mafia members to an infrequent high (Odoni 2005 McAdams 2004) J. Edgar Hoover, who was non friendly with President Kennedy, was due to be oblige into retirement from his position of the Director of the FBI.Hoover had a history of neglecting to prosecute mafia members. His retirement would mean mean the end of these favors, especially if JFK appointed his brother Robert to that position. subsequently Kennedys death, Hoover remained as the head of the FBI for ten much years. During that time, mafia prosecutions fell dramatically. James Files, a mafia hit man, actually confessed to the murder, indicating that Giancana had ordered the hit. Oswalds killer, Jack Ruby, was a small time mobster with a few study mafia connections. He could have killed Oswald to shut up him (Odoni 2005).Two equally argued theories that are more alarming are those that implicate the joined States itself. Many suspect Vice-President Lyndon B. Johnson. He gained the Presidency after Kennedys death, though he was not liked by the public Kennedy was planning to roll Johnson from his ticket in 1964. He was involved in quaternity major criminal investigations involving bribery, money laundering, contract violations and misappropriation of funds, at the time of Kennedys death.In fact, Kennedy often complained that he had been manipulated into appointing Johnson by the FBI and that Johnson acted as a spy for J. Edgar Hoover. After he became President, Johnsons criminal investigations were dropped (Ayton no date). Another US ground theory is that the CIA itself had killed the President to cover up or redirect care from its new practice of assassinating foreign leaders. The Church Committee was formed to scent into this possible scandal but concluded that while the CIA was increasing in national and international power, it was not responsible for the death of the President (Ayton no date).The Warren Commission heard testimony from 552 witnesses and 10 federal agencies over the span of 10 months as it investigated the assassination and all the related conspiracy theories. Published in October of 1964, it concluded that, basically, Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone, shooting three bullets from the one-sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository (McAdams 2004).The wizard bullet that wounded Connally and killed JFK hit him from behind as the motorcade passed by the Depository. However, the issue has not been laid to rest. Four of the seven members of the investigatory team seemed to indicate irresolution about the Commissions findings (McAdams 2004). Several individual pieces of the Commissions findings also have been called into question since its completion.Kennedy was potty by two bullets. One hit him in the back, and one hit him in the head. The second hit killed the President. The single bullet theory was inn ate(p) because Oswalds gun would not have been able to fire desist enough to hit both Kennedy and Connally with separate shooters (McAdams 2004).However, the idea that a single bullet traveled through Kennedys back, legislateed his throat, passed through the seat of a car, entered Connallys back, exited his chest, passed through his wrist and entered his thigh has been seriously questioned by evidence from eye witnesses, including passenger Nellie Connally, and rhetorical evidence (McAdams 2004) Now this theory is cognize as the magic bullet theory. The bullet which had such an incredible move ended up on a hospital stretcher in near pristine condition (McAdams 2004). medical checkup examinations and missing x-rays and autopsy pictures also cast up to the mystery. Kennedy was taken first to Dallas Parkland infirmary where 44 doctors and medical staffers yelled that the exit wound was at the back of JFKs head. This would have been impossible if the shot came from the Deposito ry and lended itself to the grassy knoll theory (Odoni 2005).However, two doctors at Bethesda Medical Center, the second hospital Kennedy was taken to, reported that the exit would was at the bearing of the head (McAdams, 2004). Why then did over 44 doctors and medical staffers claim that the wound was at the rear of the head? X-rays that a Parkland Hospital technician claims to have taken have never been found. Pictures of the autopsy that emerged up to four years after the assassination are suspicious and do not match accounts given by witnesses.All in all, the Warren Commission seemed to make out 44 doctors and 20 eye-witnesses at the murder scene. Other evidence was destroyed. governor Connallys shirt from the day of the shooting was dry cleaned at Johnsons request within 24 hours (McAdams 2004). The car carrying the Kennedys and the Connallys was immediately cleaned and refurbished instead of cosmos thoroughly examined for ballistic evidence. This was also ordered by Lyndon B. Johnson (McAdams 2004). Any forensic evidence that may have been provided by these items was lost.Nobody will ever really know what happened that day in 1964. However, it seems that the facts are clearly not what they seem and that the Warren Commission did not delve into the discrepancies too deeply. The theories mentioned here are all viable theories that were not examined closely, if at all, by the authorities. The idea of a magic bullet is preposterous. It seems that something is being covered up. But what?ReferencesAnders, P. (1993). An Introduction to JFK federation Theories. Stay Free 4. on tap(predicate) from http//www.stayfreemagazine.org/4/jfk.htm accessed 10 August 2006Ayton, M. (no date). Questions of Conspiracy. Spartacus UK. available from accessed 10 August 2006McAdams, J. (2004). The Kennedy Assassination. Available from http//mcadams.posc.mu.edu/home.htm accessed 10 August 2006Odoni, Martin. (2005). Who Killed JFK? Current Affairs. Available from http//have tstorm.tripod.com/currentaffairs/id7.html accessed 10 August 2006

Bigger Thomas A Tragic Hero Essay

large doubting doubting doubting doubting Thomas as a Tragic HeroWhen analyzing bigger Thomas, Richard Wrights protagonist in the novel autochthonous parole, one essential take into consideration the development of his characterization. Being a poor twenty-year-old dumb firearm in the south side of simoleons living with his family in a cramped one- sleeping accommodation apartment in the 1930s, the odds of him flourishing in invigoration were not in his favor. Filled with oppression, violence, and tragedy, larger Thomas vitality was doomed from the moment he was born. Through the novel, bigger divulges his testify dreams to provide for his family and to be eachthing that a nobody. Although big struggled to fight through obstacles to pursue his dreams for the future, his get behind for a better bearing came to an abrupt obtain after the tragic accidental execute of his employers exsanguinous daughter. larger Thomas fits the definition of a tragic hero, considerin g he is the protagonist of Native Son that experiences tragedy throughout the novel. Along with tragedy, larger alike undergoes variety as the novel progresses. By the end biggers life story, he is able to variety into a man that is no long- unrecorded(a)d consumed through the revere in his heart. Due to his characteristics, larger Thomas tail be comp atomic number 18d to Willy Loman in Arthur Millers remnant of a Salesman. some(prenominal) characters be tragic heroes that are related by their struggles through tragedy and changes they undergo throughout their follows. By comparing the dickens characters, one female genitalia solidify the importance of both(prenominal) characters because of their tragedies they experience.In the beginning of Native Sons book one Fear, one is able to realize that large Thomass fate looms in the hands of his environment. He did not choose to live a life of poverty in the sable Belt of south side Chicago. This life was cored upon hi m. On rascal 20 of the novel, foreshadowing occurs as bigger chats with his friend Gus somewhat his future. He says, Every time I get to thinking about me macrocosm bneediness and they being duster-hot, me being here and they being there, I relish like something awfuls going to happen to me (Wright 20). He displays a defeatist attitude that he further explains as he dialogue to Gus. He explains his reasoning as he questions, Why they nock us live in one corner of the city? Why codt they let us fly planes and run ships?(Wright 20). As a result of this conversation, the reader is able toidentify that big goes through his life feeling defeated. He has minimal hope for his future as he lives in fear that something awful will happen to him collectible to the mask of his skin and where he lives. Although one may argue that bigger is a negative person who uses the garble of his skin to neverthelessify his wickeds, this is not the movement considering bigger constantly is o ppressed by his environment and lacks options in his life. The innocence commonwealth that surround large give him no hope to change state thus creating a tragic existence from the start. It is not until Bigger gets a job offer from a rich white philanthropist, Mr. Dalton that his life may be able to turn around for the better. Unfortunately for Bigger, this opportunity does expert the opposite.While try foring a job as a chauffer for the Dalton family, Bigger becomes optimistic about his current situation. Instead of constantly letting his baffle and siblings down, he is now able to provide for them through this job by granting them $20 from his salary each week. Although the job acquired little skill, Bigger was live up to that through this job, he could be less of a nobody. While reflecting on this new chapter in his life, Bigger expressed, This would be an easy life. Everything was any right, remove that girl (Wright 59). The girl that worried Bigger was bloody shame Dalton, Mr. Daltons bump spirited daughter that constantly challenged Biggers patience and authority. Their primary encounter remaining Bigger skeptical of bloody shame Daltons motives. By their second encounter, Bigger was blatantly fearful that bloody shame would cause him to nod off his job. During their second encounter, Bigger is ordered to chauffer Miss Dalton to the University for her nighttimely class. Unfortunately to Biggers surprise, Miss Dalton has another set of plans. She tells Bigger, I think I laughingstock trust you (Wright 64) in order to toy with his emotions and disobey his oldtimer orders as Bigger, Mary, and Marys communist boyfriend Jan Erlone take the simple machine out for a night in the loop. aft(prenominal) a move evening on the town filled with booze and conversations about socialism that left Bigger offended and ashamed to be black, it became Biggers duty to make sure that Mary was placed safely in her bed after being overly intoxicated to sta nd on her own. Because Bigger strives to obey his boss, he feels inclined to personally place Mary in her own room in order to avoid trouble. This shows that Bigger Thomas took Mary to her bedroom with no intention of causing any problems in his newworkplace re promontorying the reader that Bigger is not an evil human being, just a product of his environment. afterwards being in Marys bedroom, Bigger decided to overstay his welcome payable to his curious arousal with white women. To Biggers surprise, a hysteric terror seized him (Wright 85) as Mrs. Dalton makes an appearance in Marys bedroom to check on her daughter. Bigger automatically assumed that if he was caught in Mary Daltons bedroom at an odd hour of the night he would be immediately fired and accused of raping a white woman that could ruin his already tragic life forever. Due to her blindness, Bigger was not seen immediately, but he realized if Mary kept mumbling, Mrs. Dalton would make her mode to the bed and eventually feel Bigger laying succeeding(a) to her. Out of pure fear, Bigger reacts irrationally as he suffocates Mary Dalton with a pillow in order to keep her quiet. Fear is what provoke the irrational response that killed Mary Dalton and turned Bigger Thomas life into a series of tragic events. In Malcolm Cowleys scholarly article, Richard Wright The incase of Bigger Thomas, he reminds the reader that contempt his monstrous actions towards Mary Dalton, he is not the one to be blamed. Cowley makes the point that Bigger, has been trained from the beginning to be a bad citizen. He had been taught American ideals of lifebut had been denied the agency of achieving them (Cowley 113). Cowleys observation justifies that Bigger reacted as a product of his environment that constantly taught him to be a bad citizen because he had no way to achieve the kind of life he would hope for. This provokes even more(prenominal) tragedy in Biggers life. Through the accidental make of Mary Dalton, a tragi c hero arose in the form of Bigger Thomas. This tragic hero was born out of pure fear for the white man, but as the novel progressed, the fear of oppression slowly left the tragic hero as he vows to no longer live in fear.After Bigger Thomas accidental murder of Mary Dalton, Biggers life turns into a wild goose chase where he is forced to hide out until being caught by Chicago authorities. While awaiting his trial, certain to face death, Bigger meets the man that will arrest his case. The withstandant scoopful, a white communist decides to take on Bigger Thomas case in order to show white battalion the oppressive lifestyles black people were forced to survive on every day. At first Bigger was skeptical about a white man volunteering to defend a black man accused of murder and rape. He questioned, Why would Maxrisk that white tide of abominate to help him (Wright 420). He is shocked that a white man would defend a black man out of the goodness of his heart. Max asks Bigger quest ions that remind Bigger that he is a human being among everyone else despite his race. At this point it does not matter to Bigger if Max saves his life, because Max has made him mature mentally and undergo change. After recounting a conversation where Max asked Bigger questions about what he wanted to do with his future, he expresses to Max, (you) asked me questions nobody ever asked me before. You knew that I was a murderer two times over, but you treated me like a human (Wright 424). After Max assures Bigger that he is a human, Bigger transforms his way of expression at life. Instead of feeling constantly oppressed, Bigger believes that he is a human that deserves a future much like everyone else despite the color of his skin. Instead of accepting his death sentence, Bigger realizes that he has the urge to live his life as a human that possesses the ability to have a future. As Max reassures him, youre human, Bigger (Wright 424) Bigger comes to a change in his heart. He realizes that the fear he has sustained from the white people that constantly suppress him comes from his own thoughts. He now believes in himself as an individual that no longer lives in fear. Because of this, Bigger is able to accept his death sentence and change his outlook on life. Unfortunately, this change came too late in his existence to matter. Although Bigger loses the battle with life, he finally wins the battle with the color of his skin after accepting that he is just as human as Max, his defendant.In James Baldwins article, many another(prenominal) Thousand Gone- Twentieth carbon Interpretations of Native Son, Baldwin explains his interpretation of Bigger Thomas battle within Native son. He explains, In this case the force of detail is not poverty merely, but color a circumstance which cannot be overcome, against which the protagonist battles for his life and loses (Baldwin 53). This statement is not accurate considering a battle is not lost. Even though Bigger Thomas is s entenced to death, he is able to end his life with peace of mind knowing that he can die as a human without fear. The change Bigger Thomas has undergone shows that Bigger has overcome his oppression thus winning his battle. After reading Native Son, the protagonist Bigger Thomas resembled another tragic hero from the play, devastation of a Salesman. By comparing Willy Loman, the protagonist of finish of a Salesman to BiggerThomas, one can tell how similar their characters are although they have been created in different time periods and environments. Both Bigger and Willy are lost souls trying to give meaning to their ultimately meaningless lives. As a result of their self made pressure to have a purpose in life, they both are not well care by their friends. After divulging a plan to rob a storehouse owned by a white person, Bigger gives his friends Gus, G.H., and Jack stiff instructions to meet together at a particular(prenominal) time. When Gus shows up to their meeting spot late, Bigger is outraged. He cusses at his friends and resorts to physical aggrieve due to his anger. While his friends watch Bigger self-destruct into a man of rage, G.H. lets bigger know that, You done spoiled things now (Wright 40). Not alone had Bigger spoiled the plan to rob the store, but Bigger had also spoiled his friendships as all three men leave him to prevail in his rage alone. A similar situation occurs in Death of a Salesman as Willy Loman receives a friendly visit with his friend Charley. Since both men were unable(p) to sleep, they decided that a quick game of post-horse game would be a sufficient outlet for their energy. While playing cards, Willy develops a hostile attitude towards Charley and constantly insults him on his choice of eating habits and card playing abilities. After Charley accuses Willy of cheating during their game, Willy evolves into a rage-infested tyrant and orders his friend to leave. Charley retorts, You ought to be ashamed of yourself (M iller 1252) and storms out the door. This instance compares to Bigger Thomas uproar with his friends considering both outbursts led to their friends leaving them to wallow in their own anger.In concomitant to not being well liked, both Willy Loman and Bigger Thomas live in constant fear throughout their stories. As a bonnie salesman, Willy Loman spends his days fearing that he is not favored enough to provide for his family. Because of this looming fear to be successful, Willy often lies to his family about his job in sales to make himself seem far superior to who he really is. For example, while Willy explains to his wife, Linda about the money he has made on one of his sales trips, he exaggerates the amount of money he made. This lie would have been unnoticed if Linda did not ask Willy to pay for the reparations of their leaky roof. When Linda asks him to pay, Willy exclaims, A hundred and twenty dollars My matinee idol, if military control dont pick up I dont know what Im go nna do (Miller 1247). The shame Willy feels because he is unable to pay for the roof reparationsdirectly correlates to the constant fear Willy has to become successful for his family. Bigger Thomas is also a character that constantly lives in fear. This fear is shown when Bigger is explaining to his lawyer Max about how whites have all the power and Bigger fears that because of this, his life will not amount to anything. He tells Max, Well they own everything. They choke you off the face of the earth, they like god (Wright 353). Since Bigger believes that white people control everything he fears that nothing can be done to make his life meaningful. Both Bigger Thomas and Willy Loman possess similar qualities that show are comparable through their lack of ability to make friends throughout their fear ridden lives. Through Bigger Thomas life of oppression, violence, and tragedy, one is able to tell that he struggles with the hopes of becoming anything but a nobody. Being the protagoni st of a tragic novel, Bigger possesses the qualities of a tragic hero. Even though his life is cut short due to the tragic accidental murder of Mary Dalton, his boss wild daughter, Bigger is able to go through a change that brings him peace of mind as he awaits his sentence to die. Being a product of his environment, Bigger constantly lived in fear of the white man. With the help of his lawyer Max, Bigger was able to undergo change and realize that he too was a human that had no need to live in fear. Drawing from specific scenes from the text, Bigger Thomas can be compared to Willy Loman, the protagonist in the play, Death of a Salesman. Their characters were both inflicted with fear throughout their lives that eventually ended in tragedy for both characters.Works CitedArthur Miller Death of a Salesman. Baym, Nina, gen. ed. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 8th ed. Vol. A. New York Norton, 2013. Print.James Baldwin- Many Thousand Gone- Twentieth Century Interpretations of Native Son Ed. Houston A Baker- Englewood NJ Prentice Hall. 1972-48-63 Malcolm Cowley- Richard Wright The Case of Bigger Thomas- Twentieth Century Interpretations of Native Son- Ed Houston A Baker Englewood Hills NJ Prentice Hall. 1972-112-115Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York, London Harper & Brothers, 1940.

Mice of Men

Steinbeck uses different techniques to draw up tension and atmosphere in the fight scene of Of Mice And work force. These methods include powerful images, vivid choice of words and speed of events. Personally, I think the most effective method is the contrast between Lennies gentleness and power. I think Steinbeck achieves the full potential effect with this technique, and it real adds to the images in the readers mind. John Steinbeck uses force play in speech to build up tension.Curley says Come on ya humongous bastard. Get on your feet. No big son-of-a-bitch is gonna laugh at me. Ill show you whos yella. This quotation shows the begrimed language used in the fight scene, and how it builds up atmosphere. Curley speaks in an self-assertive manner and this dialogue shows he was acting threateningly towards Lennie. Not exactly does the obscene language suggest his fury, it also acts as evidentiary harbour for how uneducated the ranch workers were.This is also backed up by the occurrence that the boss doesnt swear, suggesting he is slightly more intelligent than his employees, thusly his authority. Curley is described as handy earlier in the text, meaning he is a good fighter. He also tends to attack an easy target. Lennie is highly vulnerable, despite his size. Therefore, Curley would be significantly improving his reputation by fighting Lennie, because people would be unaware of his vulnerability and just notice his appearance. The violence in speech is a very effective technique.

Banning Fireworks Essay

Fireworks be used for special(prenominal) display cases in the complete world, a lot of wad nourish untrammeled access to buy pyrotechnics. When special events be coming up people get excited to watch fireworks exploding in the sky. Some people do not realize fireworks are dangerous in more ways. Something estimable I can tell about fireworks is, when I was a fry I used to take with fireworks, and it was funny to watch them explode. This Christmas my brother and full cousin were playing with fireworks but they had an accident with lone(prenominal) one firework, my brother lighted a firework, then my brother and cousin ran away from there but the firework flew against my cousin burned at his ear, then the same firework burned my brother in his arm.The first cogitate fireworks should be verboten is that fireworks generate accidents to some people, and in some cases people die to play with them. People between 6 and 19 twelvemonths old pay more than 50% of provabili ty of hurt themselves playing with fireworks. Fireworks are do with different kinds of ingredients but the most dangerous is the gunpowder be gravel it is form fork of the base of the fireworks and it is very explosive. When fireworks explode they produce fire, also fireworks explode so quickly that some people get burns and wounds caused for the fire emitted for fireworks when they explode. Fireworks are most use in holidays or a special event much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Christmas, New Years, Independence Day, and many other events such as thematic parks or zoos. Fireworks should be banned in the whole world because they are dangerous to the person operating them and to bystanders,they offset fires when landing in combustible materials and temper, and they cause lot pollution.One reason fireworks should be banned is that they cause fires after landing in flammable materials and nature. Some fireworks still on fire when they are landing, some houses, headache and personal property such as cars are pervertd because of the fireworks. sometimes fireworks land over flammable materials such as paper, cartons, trash, causing fires. reputation such as trees, gardens and piss are unnatural as well, water is one of the most important natural resource that is protected for many environsal groups, and one of them is the environmental group of San Diego Coast Keeper. Last year Sea humanness applied for one go for to use fireworks in their shows, to avoid being sued for the environmental group Coast Keeper, Sea World is going to be the first park in the whole soil to obtain a pollution discharge permit for exploding fireworks over a body of water, to ensure no harm is occurring to Mission Bay. (Rogers, 2007).Fireworks cause pollution that affect people and environment. A lot of people in the whole world have a respiratory disease such as asthma, hyperventilation and lung cancer. The human respiratory system provides oxygen to the body and lungs benefacto r to clean and remove all body wastes, also lungs help to separate out infectious agents cause from tummy and other pollutants such as fireworks. When the environment is contaminated with pollution such as the one that fireworks emit, the direct of contaminants materials increase extremely that people that have pulmonary diseases cannot breath because of the pollution in the air.Asthma in one of the most dangerous diseases in the world, asthma is a condition in the respiratory system that cause spams in the lungs. People that are more affected with this condition are children, but they usually get over the respiratory conditions as they provoke old. In holidays some people go to the hospital because of the pollution in the air, because the environment is contaminated with the fireworks smoke. The environment of this world is already damaged with smoke and residues of heavy metals that stayed in the air the pollution reduces for fireworks are equal to a thousand burned tires in only one day. Fireworks are only one of many factors that cause pollution in theworld.Fireworks have a negative impact to the world, fireworks affected people when they play with fireworks in a lot of ways, and health is one of them. Fireworks start fires damaging property and nature, and the damage is irreversible, some families have lost their houses and personal property that they struggled to pay for it. The nature is something that after damage takes years to regenerate, also the wildlife is affected because they live in this environment as well the forest is one of the most affected habitats. The contamination is a big factor that it is really serious to the planet. The biggest defiler is the human being, and the human cause all the pollution that affect animals, plants, themselves, the whole planet in general.Everybody should have respect for the environment because everybody is single-valued function of it, is the environment is damaged everybody is affected as well. Child ren are the future of the world environment, everybody have to teach them how to take care of the environment, people need to put grounds in to the environment fetching care of it, the government is an essential part to take care for the ecology, but the people is the one who decides the course of their habitat, fetch up blames the government for giving permission for using fireworks or not, and get started taking care of the planet. Do not change the magic of the world and its smasher for fake magic like fireworks. Think about the environment first.Rodgers, T. (2007, November 29). Fireworks permit for Sea World considered. Union Times San Diego. Retrieved from www.signonsandiego.comInternational society for pharmaco economics and outcomes research. (2002). Fireworks injuries lead to amputation and vision loss. Retrieved from www.ispor.orgUniversity of Phoenix. Library. Myatt, S. (2011) Hazards associated with the large-scale storage of fireworks. Retrieve from https//ebscohost .com

Sensation and Perception Article Review

In this study, researchers examined the effects of exposure to hydrargyrum and chip in on childrens attention. From this study, researchers found that children exposed to utmoster levels of mercury or give are three to five times to a greater extent probable to be identified as having problems associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. This study originated in a group of Inuit children in Quebec who were found to have a high rate of ADHD due to their exposure to mercury in their draws womb. These levels of mercury were credibly caused by the consumption of seafood meat.Besides the link surrounded by mercury and ADHD, children with low levels of lead also were found to be much likely diagnosed with having an attention deficit. Children exposed to lead also were associated with behavioral problems in school. These findings could help teachers and parents identify the cause of their child(s) attention deficit, and more importantly, help prevent their exposure to mercury and lead at an early age. Knowing that mercury exposure is caused from the consumption of whale meats in arctic regions could open awareness to those living in those areas, and reduce the amount of consumption of those particular foods.To advance the development of this study, it would be beneficial for researchers to examine a wider range of children crossways the world, and even increase the age range. Another question researchers could consider would be whether or not teens and adolescents who were exposed to mercury or lead as a child, but maintained the level, were still just as likely to show the same attention deficit results. Although this study examined the effects of lead and mercury in two groups (U. S. children and the Inuit children), to strengthen this study, it would have been more rich and applicable had the researchers compared different regions.By looking at the effects across doubled regions or areas, the results could have been compared to see if spe cific areas had higher levels resulting in more children with ADHD. For example, the article discussed the Inuit children from arctic Quebec having higher exposure to mercury, and therefore, more children affected by attention deficits so would there possibly be differences between claim the east coast and the west coast? Or Alaska compared to Texas? This article intrigued me because it broadened my correspondence of the causes of ADHD, and the consequences of mercury and lead exposure.

Physical Development in Middle Childhood Essay

One Coperni stack factor of physical activity during these years is to improve their gain and delicately motor skills which assists with the m any(prenominal) some other benefits that be physically active give give a child. Their gross and fine motor skills argon nice more(prenominal) advanced and pick break to be capitalised upon. electric razorren argon learning to badger bikes, play in organised and team orientated sports all with more co-ordination and misgiving than before. While engaging in these activitys they ar astir(p) their gross motor skills and this gives them a nifty sense of gratification. too during this sequence their fine motor skills go out be up(p) such(prenominal) as their hand physical composition, drawing, painting, crafts and building. In the affectionateness childhood years children atomic number 18 nice more aware of their surroundings, community and culture. They can start to see themselves as an individual that can read, write, lea rn and adhere to rules and understand why we hold them. Physical development can affect other areas of development in genuinely positive ways. It helps them to be equal to relate & int periodct with others. This sequence sees those making relationships with their peers.They make friendships with others and along with friendship come the enviable fights. This is as well important as they learn to sort out these disagreements and learn from them. This comes from their underdeveloped ability to think for themselves having different points of check, being able to see others points of view and having a longer attention span. The skills they are learning and improving at this very important time of their lives allow assist them as children and builds the foundations of having great confidence within themselves and having wellnessy and active bodies.It is believed that inability to perfect their gross & fine motor skills by being physically inactive will lead to some(prenominal) consequences not only physically but also in other areas of their development. Inactivity will inhibit the Childs co-ordination, spatial awareness, neighborly skills their larger muscles would be underdeveloped. Inactivity promotes obesity and other serious health issues. At this age children energize boundless energy and find it punishing to sit down for long periods of time as their bodies and brains require the subscribe to to more around and are active.Along with the indigence to move comes the need for attention and socialising. During this time their bodies are growing taller and gaining angle. Physical activity is decisive at this time because they are signaling themselves what their bodies are able to do and what they are able to do better than when the learned the skill. For example when children are in their early childhood they learn how to run and jump, in middle childhood they are taking those skills and developing proper athletic abilities and talents.They ca n run faster on the track, swim faster in the pool and throw balls with more precision and show themselves and others the talents they are developing. If during this time they are not able to do that they will see their peers excelling at these activities and that they themselves are falling behind. This severely affects their confidence. They are very aware of their peers and compare themselves to others eer which is why they are adapting to organised sports their competitiveness is kicking in.Its in the childrens reputation to want to be active in sports and it gives them the stimulation and organisation that they need. Its also in some childrens nature to be shy and reserved. Its important for all students to be improving their skills but most important for the more reserved children. Inactivity will only perpetuate their shyness because they are missing out on group activities in a fun milieu. Being a affair of a team helps confidence and communication with their peers. C hildren need to embrace being active from early on especially now as their bodies crave being active they will associate activity with fun. softness to develop their gross motor skills can lead to the children feeling sluggish, weight will be gained lowering their confidence and increasing the risk of obesity and their relationship with physical activity will be mentally unhealthy. inability to develop their fine motor skills is also just as important. This is the time where children need to perfect their handwriting, craft making and reading these are very important skills that they will need for the rest of their lives. If children find they dont excel at these skills they will find they get frustrated, it lowers they confidence and willingness to discover and parts of heir brain are underdeveloped. For example in this era children are starting to dress themselves and inability to do this will feed them frustrated and disappointed that they are behind. As parents and teachers we need to do our topper to always keep the children active as it most certainly affects the other areas of their development. Implementing physical activity in lessons is very important. There are 3 activities that I will now explain that I think are great ways to implement to help with keeping the children active and improving their motor skills.Firstly I would have each child in the classroom have a job they need to do all day in the classroom. Whether it is to give out work loudnesss, hand out pens, feed the plants or collect lunch orders. This gives each child the understanding of the importance of rules, responsibilities and the feeling of being included and the knowledge of being able to share and work as a team. This activity is more connect to their fine motor skills and cognitive development. Secondly I would introduce the funds Star System. I would have the students chose a book and reading loud to the class.During this time if the children are stuck on a word they d ont know other students can assist with helping them. If the student reads the book without any help they receive 5 gold stars. I would also have the children practice their handwriting and everything they submit a neatly compose piece of writing they would also receive 5 gold stars. If the children need assistance many times or have sloppy writing they have stars deducted. This also helps with fine motor skills and they also can show how well they can read & write and help others with their reading & writing.third I would introduce team sports based around maths and spelling. I think it would be a great learning environment to involve the students outside to a basketball court or an oval and have them grouped into teams. I would give them maths and spelling questions and the teams with the most worsen answers would add more gold stars to their boards. I think this would be a really fun way to learn, challenge themselves and burn off energy. working in teams is fantastic motivat ion to not let yourself or any of your team mates down.In conclusion, Physical activity is vital in the middle childhood years for many reasons. Inactivity leads to many consequences in the Childs Health, Motor Skills and all other areas of child development. There are many things as Teachers we can do to in a learning environment to accommodate the physical needs of our students as to make sure they are developing as best they can be. ? Reference List McDevitt, T. , and Ormrod, J. (2010). Child development and education (4th Ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Education

Punishment fit the crime Essay

The retributory- cease approach to sentencing aims to set ab issue the penalisation fit the crime. Just deserts is a very quondam(a) idea revived periodically when officials argon desperate for a open solution to the crime problem. It swept the United States with some success in the 1970s because a few articulate professors and others, when disillusioned with the rehabilitation fierceness of the preceding decades, momentarily everywherelooked the realities of guilty honorableice system.They were charmed by the simplicity of prescribing the very(prenominal) penalty for everyone convicted of the same offense, and their rhetoric implied that this would somehow maximise both fairness and crime prevention. The just deserts perspective emphasizes punishment in proportion to the amount of harm done and the rated culpability of the crook actor. The just desert model of sentencing is based on a doctrine of retribution. Founded on the Principle of Commensurate Deserts, the just de sert model holds that punishment should be proportional to the seriousness of an offenders criminal conduct.This district is defined by the harm done and the level of culpability attributed to the offender. These principles, in certain important respects, recall the arguments of the classical criminologist Ces ar Beccaria (1738-94) for due process in the criminal justice system and are based on a similar understanding of the neighborly contract, which is supposed to apply equally and plum to everyone. Retributive punishment is thereby regarded as ensuring that offenders do non cabbage from their wrongdoing.Yet as critics throw argued, the fundamental flaw in this fall of thinking is that it is applicable only if social relations are just and equal, otherwise there is no equilibrium to restore. In reality, offenders tend to be already socially disadvantaged, so that punishment actually increases inequality or else reducing it (Cavadino and Dignan 42). Sometimes just desert can be ostracize in the sense of unwanted, as well as something regarded as a good. The fact that the Nazi war criminals did what they did means they deserve punishment We have a good reason to send them to jail, on the basis of just desert.Other considerations, for example, the fact that nobody will be deterred or that the criminal is old and harmless, may weigh against punishment, and we may even decide not to pursue the case for that reason. only if, again, that does not mean that deserving to be punished is irrelevant, just that weve decided for other reasons to ignore desert in this case. But again A principles being outweighed is not the same as its having no importance. Expressing both equality and entitlements, our social moral enroll pulls in different directions. How, then, are we to determine when one principle is more(prenominal)(prenominal) important?Unless we are moral relativists, the mere fact that equality and entitlements are both part of our moral code does not in itself give up a soulfulnesss reliance on them, any more than the fact that our moral code once condemned racial mixing go condoning sexual discrimination and slavery should convince us that those principles are justified. Because we have that the rules that define acceptable behavior are continually changing, and sometimes changing for the better, we must allow for the replacement of inferior principles with more reasonable guidelines. on that point is perhaps a stronger moral argument for the use of the just desert rooted in death penalty (Reiman, 1988). By deliberately create the death of another, the murderer incurs a moral debt the loss of his or her own life is earned as a just desert. By fetching another persons life, the offender has treated their victim as having lesser worth than they afford to themself, as presumably they would not volitionally accept the same act to be inflicted against themself. Capital punishment for those who send out murder restores an equilibrium.The wrongdoer experiences suffering to the same extent that they inflicted upon another. The golden rule of doing unto others what one would want others to do unto one is restored, as the punishment impresses upon the offender that their worth is equal to that of their victim. It also has a symbolic value by reaffirming publicly the moral commitment to the golden rule as a societal value. On these grounds, Rawlings (1999) defends just desert in principle. He opposes it in practice, however, as in the United States, imposition of the death penalty is discriminatory.To reconcile just one example the odds of a black person being sentenced to death for the murder of a white victim are far higher than the corresponding odds when a white person murders a black victim. Restorative justice is not without its critics, who point out that there are few safeguards to protect the most vulnerable groups from the self-righteous moralizing of reintegrative shaming. This absence of accountability compounds the lack of protection for the offender in terms of appeals to legal process and due rights.Fundamental issues remain over whether just desert challenges social control or casts the net of social control deeper into the community.ReferencesCavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2002). The Penal System An Introduction, 3rd edn, London Sage. Rawlings, P. (1999). Crime and actor A History of Criminal Justice, 1688-1998, Harlow Longman. Reiman, J. (1988). The Justice of the Death Penalty in an Unjust World, in K. Haas and J. A. Inciardi (eds) Challenging Capital Punishment level-headed and Social Science Approaches, Newbury Park, CA Sage.

In The Shadow of the Glen Essay

In the shadow of the Glen was written by J M Synge in 1914. Even before it was sh stimulate to any luggage compartment it ca determinationd arguments within the Irish Society because some people thought the play was shocking and disloyal and was an insult against Irish wo patchhood. The main calculate of the play was to celebrate Irish culture and Irish writers but it contactmed to turn against Synge.In the shadow of the Glen hire four main founts in it. Nora Burke is the only female in the play and is very(prenominal) seductive and flirtatious. He is the wife of Dan Burke who was a farmer and a shepherd. There is Michael Dara whom has a small part in the play yet has an important voice. He comes crosswise to the hearing as young and naive. And the last is the pluck that represents the au lose itnce and bes of Dans plot and similarly knows of secondary characters like Darcy. He is shown as a good character that takes to help people.Nora is a character that has a affinity with every ace. She has a relationship with her husband, a relationship with the meander whom she invites in her dwelling house and talks to pole-to-end the play and she has a relationship with Michael Dara, a young shepherd whom she wants to marry. She too has relationships with the secondary characters such as Darcy a man that was in her emotional state and had made her happy when she was only(a). She has a relationship with Mary Brien and Peggy Cavanagh, whom she refers to near the end of the play and they probably spent their childhood together.In the beginning Nora is presented as a lonely character whose husband has just died. She is middle cured and has had a bad marriage with her husband. She has had an affair with a man called Darcy and never loved Dan. What way would I live, and I an old woman, if I didnt marry a man with a bit of a farm, and kine on it, and sheep on the back hills? in this quote you can see that she only got married to Dan for land and security .In the play when the scene is set, Nora is pitiable or so the kitchen lighting candles on the table which sets a romantic style for when Michael comes when a knock is heard on the door. It makes her jump and she looks at the un readyed body of her husband uneasily. She thus opens the door. This opening scene pulls you into the story, as you want to know why she has candles on the table and why she looks at the body uneasily and why there is a dead body in the kitchen. You want to find out the answers to your questions. In this part of the play Nora comes across to the sense of hearing as suspicious as she is continually looking at the body with troubled looks.Nora invites the tramp that is knocking at the door into her house and gives him whisky and tobacco. She comes across as being flirtatious towards the tramp and as if she is trying to get something from him.The tramp sees the body and comments on Dans sissy look, which Nora then jokes astir(predicate) He was always qu eer, stranger, and I suppose them thats queer and they living men will be queer bodies afterward. She isnt vicious about his ending and treats it as a joke. This unsettles the audience and the tramp. In this situation Nora should be sad and maybe tearful. She would non baffle let the tramp in, or if she did then she wouldnt have utter to him much, and just given him what he asked for. Nora then tells the tramp that she cant move or impact the body as he has tramp a black curse on her. This also comes across as suspicious and raises questions in the audiences senses.It comes across that they have been having problems for he lay a black curse on me this morning if Id touch his body the time hed die sudden, or let anyone touch it except his sister only one question in the audiences mind at this point would be why would he only let his sister touch him and non his own wife? This fits in with why Nora is not very sad about Dans death. Nora then supports this thought by commen ting on Dan being cold towards her and that he was a horrible person that complained with this quote, mayhap cold would be no sign of death with the like of him, for he was always cold, every day since I knew him and every nightIt seems to the audience and the tramp that she is sad that they were never loving towards each other and it raises some other question in the audiences mind that maybe she was regretting it. She then lightens the mood and offers the tramp the whisky and Dans pipe. The tramp and Nora get public lecture and Nora tells the tramp that she is sacred of being completely, Im esteeming many would be afeard, but I never knew what way Id be afeard of beggar or bishop or of any man of you at all Its other things than the like of you, stranger as if you were easily afeard. The question then in the audiences mind is does she want something? or is she indicating something?The tramp then talks about Darcy, and Nora, who we know later has an affair with Darcy, is intere sted in what the tramp has to say about him, and enquires about him. The tramp then describes when and where he met Darcy and how he got to know him. When he tramp talks about Darcys death Nora shows some sad emotion and speaks sorrowfully. This shows she is sadder about Darcys death then her own husbands. She looks at the bed and speaks more quietly to the tramp about after Darcy died she got happy again. This indicates she is having another affair and that she cannot talk about Darcy well-nigh Dan, even if he is dead. This portrays Nora as being an unfaithful wife to Dan as she was having an affair with Darcy whilst he was animated and having one in his last a couple of(prenominal) days or months.She changes the subject and asks if there was anyone else on the road. When the tramp tells her a young man was running after his sheep Nora gives a half pull a face and is intrigued. She asks about how far he was as if she wanted to support him. She fills a kettle and puts it in fire to make some tea as if she is expecting someone. We know she is not making tea for the tramp as he has his whisky. So this proves she is expecting someone. She asks the tramp to interference with Dan. We now know this was why she was coquette with him and giving him their best whisky and cigars. In line 42 Nora speaks in constraint as if she was holding back some enthusiasm to meet the young man but the tramp is uneased and wants to go himself. He doesnt want to be left alone with the dead body. He continually looks at the dead body after Nora has gone and when she goes he tries to sop up his mind with sewing.After Dan jumps up we know that Dan is trying to trick Nora and that he is very bitter about Noras affair with Darcy. We know this as in line 57, the stage instructions tell us that Dan should bitterly say Darcys name. In the stage directions it is said you hear a long whistle from outside. This is Nora attracting the young mans attention. Dab hears this and speaks feroci ously in an ashamed way about his wife. He then takes a stick and then goes back to being dead. In this scene where Dan is alive the audience sympathise with Dan, as Nora is not sad about his death and very excited about meeting Michael.When Nora enters the house with Michael, Nora asks about Dan and if he made any sign of being alive. This may be because she suspects Dan of not being dead or just because she is being polite. The tramp lies, as he wants to see what will happen next. Nora then tries to get the tramp to leave the 2 alone and flirts with him a little by inviting him to use the bed, which could indicate something, will you go into the little room and stretch yourself a short while on the bed. But the tramp pretends to go to sleep nearby so he can hear. Michael is jealous of this and challenges the tramp a little.Once the tramp is asleep, Nora teases Michael and asks him why she should marry him. She is playing catchy to get and in line 88 when she says, Its a solid w oman I am to please this day, Michael Dara, and its no lie I am telling you. She tells him about not wanting to be alone and that she wants to be secure and safe. During this time Michael is counting out money. This can be for two reasons one to get more money or two to have an rationalise for marrying Dan. This may be because she feels ashamed of herself and tries to find an excuse to make herself feel better. She aimlessly talks about money and not wanting to end up like a tramp roaming around streets and Michael is trying to console her. She is tempting him with whisky when Dan wakes up. Michael puts arm around her as if he is trying to prove himself when Dan sneezes.Michael is then very scared and begs for forgiveness. When Dan wants to blur Nora out he can only offer a haunt but not at his house. At this Nora is very scared a she would be alone and starts to flirt with Dan. This could be because she thinks if she flirts with him and shows him that she loves him the he would let her stay with him. But when this doesnt work she curses him. This shows that she is using him and that she doesnt love him. At the end the tramp to help Nora and they walk out.Nora does not enjoy the idea of not living in a house with no jacket over her head as she explains to the tramp, Im thinking its myself will be wheezing that time with lying down chthonic the Heavens when the night is cold, and that she does not appreciate the tramps rendering of the magic of a grand morning when she describes to the tramp What good is a grand morning when Im destroyed surely, and I pass out to get my death walking on the roads. Nora obviously found her punishment unfair as she thought Dan was dead. She did not to be lonely and financially unstable so she acted on this thought alone.I think the writer presented her character well as it was a hard role to write. She had a lot of emotions, which were hard to display, but the point was clear.

High availability Essay

In the advent of the computer age, the growth of the net has overly necessitated the development of technologies that be not only able to recognise with the demands of drillrs but also within the limitations of current hardwargon. With multitasking having evolved into the norm, the availability of media and applications online has made it increasingly important to providehigh availability (Marcus 2003).The mission-critical applications that induct surfaced on the cyberspace have placed added pres undisputable to make sure that highly open services are always ready. As such, this brief discourse will attempt to discuss the current state of high availability engineering science as well as any recent trends or variations that have surfaced. High handiness, as the term suggests, refers to systems or instruments in information technology that are not only continuously operable but also continuously operational for long periods of time (Marcus 2003).The term availability is u tilize to refer to the access that the users or members of user community have to the system. This flake of access or ability can include anything from uploading files, to changing entries, update industrial plant or even just scanning previous works (Marcus 2003). The ill luck to access the system results in downtime or unavailability. An example of this would be the manner by which community users like to be able to use Facebook to chat, watch videos, update links and upload pictures all at the resembling time.With a profits that has Low Availability, the users will occasionally experience failures with demand to logging in or accessing different functions of the website because of the necessary downtime for system modify and maintenance (Ulrick 2010). This downtime can be prejudicial for a website or an internet application because it reduces the desirability of the technology. With the pressure on to provide complete and sour accessibility, companies have tried to achiev e the optimum 100% operational or never failing Availability Status . One way of providing about immutable availability (High Availability) is by creating clusters.These computer systems or networks consist of several(prenominal) pieces that act as back-ups or failover processing mechanism that store entropy and allow for access. This includes the Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) or the Storage field of battle Network (SAN), which are used as back up computer storage devices to ensure constant availability (Marcus 2003). These systems, however, are constantly evolving and changing depending on the technology that is visible(prenominal) and developed such as systems that have solidness membership administration, consistent group communication sub-systems, quoram sub-systems, and even concurrent defend sub-systems, among others.By creating a clustered computer system or network, backups are created in the form of redundancies for both hardware and software. This is achieved by forming or class several independent nodes with each of them simultaneously running a written matter of the operating system (OS) and the application software (Marcus 2003). Whenever there is a failure in any of the nodes or when daemon failures occur, the system can readily be reconfigured and the existing workload is then passed on to the other available or functional nodes within the cluster.Thus, there is always, theoretically, one system that is available and running to handle the services and access for the user community. It was reported in 1996 that the lost revenue and productivity due to downtime amounted to over US$ 4. 54 billion for American businesses alone (IBM 1998). As such, High availability has been consistently upgrading and evolving to be able to address this issue. The recent development include the foot of High Availability Clusters (HA Clusters or Failover Clusters).The concept of this is that it provides greater High Availability by operating several computer clusters at the same time. date this applies the same concept as High Availability, it attempts to create several failover systems and clusters that ply to this. It does, however, retain the same concept of constant monitoring to make sure that the systems are running as programmed and as planned. Recent research in this field has manifestn that there is also a diminishing return belief that can be applied.Up until recently, it was thought that by creating an expansive network and creating several clusters, the availability could be increased proportionally. However, there are findings that show that High Availability decreases when there are much(prenominal) components that are added to the system. This mean that instead of improving the process it is instead undermined by the installation of surplus components. The reason for this, according to Chee-Wei Ang, is that the more complex a system the more potential failures arise (Ang 2007).Since there are mor e systems to monitor, it becomes more tall(prenominal) to point out exactly where the problem is. This can be compared to a complicated plumbing system wherein it becomes difficult to find the source of the leak. though it has been argued by experts that a number of highly available systems utilize a simple design architecture which features high quality multipurpose systems. just even with this, it cannot ignore the basic fact that theses systems still require constant upgrading, patching and maintenance.The recent developments in this field include the creation of more advanced systems designs that streamline and facilitate the maintenance of systems without the need for compromising the availability. This has been achieved by doing load balancing and more advanced failover techniques. It is admitted, however, that while there are several developments, like all hardware devices these systems are also devoted to human error and typical wear and tear which cannot be avoided thoug h their effects can be mitigated by the introduction of more effective and efficient means.