Amerigo Vespucci :: essays research papers

Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer was born in Florence, Italy in theyear of 1454. Florence was a good city to grow up in for young Amerigo, becauseof the growing interest in the field of exploration. Some of the adults toldyoung Amerigo to the highest degree the wonders and riches of the Indies. equivalent the other Italianboys in his village, undoubtedly Amerigo was fascinated with by those tales.Amerigo lived in the Ognissanti section of Florence with a lot of theVespucci family. The Vespucci family was pretty well off, so Amerigo thoughtthat he was in line for a lot of money after his fathers passing, but hisbrother Antonio was highly favored over the rest of the children. Most of theVespuccis living with Amerigo were merchants transaction in wine, olive oil, or wool.Not all of the Vespuccis were merchants, a small percentage of the Vespucciswere bankers. All of the family resemblingd art and learning, poetry and music justlike the rest of the Florentines. The ruler of these interesting Florentines wasLorenzo de Medicior, who was also know as Lorenzo the Magnificant.When Amerigo was older, but still a young man, his father AntastagioVespucci sent him to the Monestary of San Marco to study with his uncle Giorgio.In his brisk school, Amerigo along with the other European boys learned Latin,math, grammar, history, Italian and Greek Literature, geography and astronomy.Amerigo learned to love astronomy, because he was fascinated about all of theshapes the stars made, that his uncle called constellations. Amerigo thoughtabout traveling about the Earth, but he thought it to be impossible, because hewas tought in school that the equator was a ring of fire that made the waters boiling point there.Amerigos hopes of traveling the world were become more realistic overtime. The first thing that sparked this was the invention of the caravel, alight, narrow, 60 to 70 foot ride. The Portugese, that started making this boathad learned to rig the car avels to sail well against the winds and currents ofthe rough oceans. Another reality check occured when Amerigo was 19. Whathappend was the Portugese finally sailed to the equator and found no boilingseas, which proved the Roman theory that young Amerigo was taught in schoolwrong. But then came a period in his life that Amerigo realized he would never

Hypertension Essay -- Health, Cardiovascular Diseases, Stroke

Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases including stroke and may also have a role in the development of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia 1, 2. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (EC 3.4.15.1 ACE) plays an important role in the rennin-angiotensin system and it is a carboxyl-terminal dipeptidyl exopeptidase that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II 3-6. ACE converts an inactive form of decapeptide, angiotensin I, to a potent vasoconstrictor, octapeptide, angiotensin II, in addition since the ACE is a multifunctional enzyme it also catalyzes the abasement of bradykinin, which is known as a vasodilator 4, 7. Therefore, inhibition of ACE activity leads to decrease in the concentration of angiotensin II and increases the level of bradykinin consequently expurgate blood pressure 8. The discovery of captopril as a potent inhibitor of ACE led to the recent development of many series of novel structu res with identical biological activity 9. To date a wide variety of ACE inhibitors from various land and marine food sources have been reported such as milk 10, cheese 11, egg white 12, canola 13, peanut 14, rapeseed 15, antler 16, fish muscle 17, seaweeds 18 and tuna 2. Many academic, scientific, and regulatory organizations are considering ways to establish the scientific fanny to support and further validate claims for functional components or the foods containing them. Consumer interest in the relationship between diet and health has increased the demand for information around functional foods. More recently, the food industry, the agricultural community, and now consumers have shown a growing interest in the field of... ...dependent on the conversion of yellow tetrazolium commonplace to its purple formazan derivative by mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase in viable cells 34. In conclusion, E. cava is a very interesting resource, due to the presence of unique phlorotannin derivatives with special bioactivities including ACE inhibitory activity. Ethanol enhances the extraction of phlorotannins specially dieckol from the brown seaweed E. cava. By contrast, in this study phloroglucinol derivative dieckol exhibited the strongest activity against ACE. With the results of this study we can suggest that the brown seaweed E. cava could be utilize in development of promising and potential functional food products. Moreover, it is expected that these findings will contribute to developing interests in basic research and potential applications of the phlorotannins in the relevant fields.

An Essay on The Landlady by Roald Dahl -- The Landlady by Roald Dahl

The Landlady by Roald Dahl In the short story The Landlady, Roald Dahls use of foreshadowing prepared readers well for the end of the story. He employ hints such as describing the outside of the rump and breakfast, giving details of the entry and the bedroom, and also telling the readers about the living room. To begin, Dahl used the outside of the bed and breakfast as a use of foreshadowing. The sign was described to be distinctive. It was portrayed to be luring the boy inside. Dahl used the opening of the door as a hint also. He explained that the woman debouched the door open, which would foreshadow that she was abnormal. The woman also had cheap rent at her bed and breakfast. This would draw potential customers in for her awkward ...

David St. John :: essays research papers fc

The Work of David St. illusion David St. John writes of love in a pessimistic way in his collection of poems, The Red Leaves of Night. His writings suggest love is unattainable and his relationships with people (especially with females) are portrayed as negative. St. John creates a fallen valet in his text, especially when his poems focus on his dilemmas with women. Psychoanalysis plays a large role in the writings of St. John being that he shows the effects of his drop and the negativity the downfall incorporates. Lacanian psychoanalysis suggests our language is structured like our subconscious and full of desires. Lacanian analysis also shows that the signs in language are split surrounded by the signifier and the signified and the barrier between the two lead to un takeed desires. St. Johns poetry is swarming with lines alluding to unfulfilled desires or a longing for things that manifestly cannot be obtained. St. John establishes the breaking of a psyche and through Lacani an analysis we can see that the desires expressed in his poetry will never be met. Through Lacanian analysis, we are able to see that St. John is seeking much, and wanting more substance out of relationships and his life that cannot be obtained. St. John is longing for a sense completeness yet his completion is something that can never happen. Lacan shows the human psyche in three checks, similar to that of Sigmund Freud. Lacan calls the three parts Orders and they consist of the Imaginary, the Symbolic, and the Real. The Imaginary is the part of the psyche that contains our wishes, fantasies, and, most importantly, images (Bressler 156). Lacans major focus is in his theory that our psyche is lack and fragmentation. We have longings for love, for physical pleasureKbut nothing can fulfill our desire to return to the Imaginary Order and be at one with our mother (Bressler 158). Many of the poems in The Red Leaves of Night withhold the sense that St. John is yearning for something an d is never complete. For example, in his poem The Unsayable, the Unknowable & You St. John presents a situation where he is completely captivated by a woman and lusts for more activity with her. My prize A night alone (again) with you,tracing/This brocade of sweat along your amber shoulder./Lets weave together the dawns superior light-/A script of bodies, inscribed by the summers night (St.

Jamaican Sugar Plantations Essay -- Jamaica Sugar Essays History

Jamaican Sugar Plantations When beginning to discuss sugar plantations in Jamaica, the word slavery comes to mind. This thought occurs because of the crucial social function that the slaves played in attempting to make these plantations successful. During the 18th century, the so-called sugar colonies were the most valuable possessions of overseas empires (Floyd, 38). Sugar plantations produced money for not only the scrimping of Jamaica, only if for their motherland England as well. Essentially these plantations were created because the aristocrats in Europe needed something to sweeten all of their drinks. However, with lack of space in Europe, the wealthy decided that plantations would flourish in Jamaica. Despite the success of these plantations, they were tools used to discriminate and exploit African-Americans. When the abolition of slavery occurred in Jamaica, the role of the sugar plantation significantly declined. One can verify that sugar plantations in Jamaica were mass industries that were designed to belittle the Africans and give them little chance at success. The island of Jamaica is roughly 4400 square miles and its size rivals that of Connecticut. Most of the island comprises a busted and highly dissected topography, with steeply sloping hills and sharply twisting valleys (Floyd, vii). With this rugged terrain, it seems to be quite ironic that nearly half of the population lives off the land. The Jamaicans entrust on exceptional soil, a good irrigation system and fertilizer to ensure that their most prosperous crops will flourish. Sugar is among these resources that has helped create a stable economy in Jamaica.Jamaica established itself as a leading sugar producer in the 18th century after they decided that they had ... ...ound to become broken down. With the common realities slaves faced everyday, it was inevitable that its collapse would come. Nonetheless, sugar cane production was able to produce a stable economy in Jamaica for sever al years and lastly led to the success of an entire nation.Bibliography Beckles, Hilary. Caribbean Slave Society and Economy. The New Press New York, 1993. Cliff, Michele. Abeng. Penguin Books New York, 1984. Floyd, Barry. Jamaica An Island Microcosm. St. Martins Press New York, 1979. Hall, Douglas. In Miserable Slavery. MacMillan PublishersLondon, 1989. Holt, Thomas. The line of work of Freedom. Hopkins PressLondon, 1992. Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean Second Edition. Oxford University Press New York, 1990. Tomich, Dale. Slavery in The Curcuit of Sugar. Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore, 1990.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - A Life Foolishly Lived Essay

The Great GatsbyA Life Foolishly Lived Released in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby cleverly demonstrates the manners and morals commonly in effect(p) throughout the time period. The plot revolves around several main themes and effectively expresses Fitzgeralds unique perspective. With an objective standpoint, Nick Carraway narrates the story as Jay Gatsby, a unreasonable racketeer, tries to win over his lifelong love, Daisy Buchanan. Although pecuniary matters can often be too large of an influence on human relationships, the novel unveils several knock-down(a) battles entangling love, morals, and money. As Nick Carraway follows the tale of Jay Gatsby pursuing a dream, Gatsby can be observed as a foolish man working so hard, and all the same accomplishing nothing. One of the numerous reasons why Jay Gatsby can be seen as foolhardy when simply pursuing a dream is not because he is foolish, but alternatively because of the method in which he does. Stretching back to the roots of his life, Gatsby was not a wealthy person in upbringing. Following a rigorous fooling schedule and constant attempts at bettering his moral values are two of his hopeful methods to win over Daisy Buchanan. Improvements such as, No more smoking or chewing, Bath every other day, be better to parents (182), were yet a few of his guidelines to strive for constant self-improvement. Although realizing that Daisy cannot be so easily won over, Gatsby continues to labour in attempt to win his sole love. Not only did he concentrate on actual values in life for the future, Gatsby resolves to himself that he essential change his past. Because of his dissatisfaction with his original name, James Gats, he alters his name to the more attractive Jay Gatsby.... ... the novel vividly depicted a life foolishly lived, only for a lost goal so long sought. Works Cited Raleigh, John Henry. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Mizener 99-103. Sklar, Robert. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Last Laocoon. Oxford Oxford UP, 1967. Trilling, Lionel. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. Boston Hall, 1984. 13-20. 1. Underline titles of novels. 2. When quoting, the final punctuation should come after the parentheses instead of inside the quote, Right you are (72). Instead of right you are. 3. I see several different focuses within your paper, from the foolishness of Jay Gatsby to myrtle to the corruption of the twenties. Stick to one of the topics and explore it fully instead of jumping from topic to topic.

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby - A Life Foolishly Lived Essay

The Great GatsbyA Life Foolishly Lived Released in 1925, F. Scott Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby cleverly demonstrates the politeness and morals commonly practiced throughout the time period. The plot revolves around several main themes and effectively expresses Fitzgeralds unique perspective. With an objective standpoint, Nick Carraway narrates the storey as Jay Gatsby, a foolish racketeer, tries to win over his lifespanlong love, Daisy Buchanan. Although pecuniary matters can often be too large of an influence on compassionate relationships, the novel unveils several powerful battles entangling love, morals, and money. As Nick Carraway follows the tale of Jay Gatsby pursuing a dream, Gatsby can be observed as a foolish while working so hard, and yet accomplishing nothing. One of the numerous reasons why Jay Gatsby can be seen as foolhardy when simply pursuing a dream is not because he is foolish, but rather because of the method in which he does. Stretching back to the roots of his life, Gatsby was not a wealthy person in upbringing. side by side(p) a rigorous daily schedule and constant attempts at bettering his moral values are two of his hopeful methods to win over Daisy Buchanan. Improvements such as, No more smoking or chewing, Bath every other day, be better to parents (182), were yet a few of his guidelines to strive for constant self-improvement. Although realizing that Daisy cannot be so easily won over, Gatsby continues to toil in attempt to win his sole love. Not only did he concentrate on actual values in life for the future, Gatsby resolves to himself that he must change his past. Because of his dissatisfaction with his original name, James Gats, he alters his name to the more attractive Jay Gatsby.... ... the novel vividly depicted a life foolishly lived, only for a lost goal so long sought. Works Cited Raleigh, John Henry. F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby. Mizener 99-103. Sklar, Robert. F. Scott Fitzgerald The Last Laoco on. Oxford Oxford UP, 1967. Trilling, Lionel. F. Scott Fitzgerald. Critical Essays on Scott Fitzgeralds Great Gatsby. Ed. Scott Donaldson. capital of Massachusetts Hall, 1984. 13-20. 1. Underline titles of novels. 2. When quoting, the final punctuation should come after the parentheses instead of inside the quote, Right you are (72). Instead of right you are. 3. I see several dissimilar focuses within your paper, from the foolishness of Jay Gatsby to Myrtle to the corruption of the twenties. Stick to one of the topics and explore it fully instead of jumping from topic to topic.

Cost of Quality and Trade-Offs Essay

The court of quality in a manufacturing process and environment be many as you argon aware. But the 3 primary cost that we should review on a more regular basis to assure we are creating the most cost stiff and quality products are the following Appraisal, Prevention and Failure, and failure costs should be serveed at as internal failure and external failure. Appraisal costs arsehole be defined as The cost of activities designed to ensure quality or uncover defects (Stevenson, 2008, p.421) Trade-offs of these appraisal costs are internal costs that are incurred when we stop production of a product to check for defects in production process, solid, or any otherwise item that ca usages defects. The cost associated with doing these inspections is looking for defects or issues during this parcel of the production cycle, other costs would be the cost of stopping the production line for a period of time, cost of additional inspectors and the testing equipment they will use for thes e tests.Prevention costs are another of the costs of quality and can be defined as The cost of preventing defects from occurring (Stevenson 2008, p.421) Prevention costs are the costs we pay to prevent defects during production of our products. Some of the ways we create these costs or trade-offs of having these within the manufacturing process is that we implement technology systems to help monitor the processes, working with our external material vendors to assure we are getting the best quality products to use and as well as by training our employees on how to properly use the material and machines to produce our products as well as paying more attention to detail during the design and production of our products. The final cost of quality that we need to look at is Failure Costs, and can be defined as Caused by defective parts, products or by faulty services. (Stevenson, 2008, p.421)These failure costs can also be split further out and looked at as Internal failure, or the fai lures that are discovered during the production process and are found by internal resources and External failures that are failures discovered after deliveryto the customers. Internal failures happen for a variety of reasons, defective materials, incorrect machine settings, faulty equipment, sentimentality and others. The trade-off cost for fixing these types of failures would be cost of additional production time, scrap materials and rework of inadequate products, investigation costs into the root cause of the issues as well as workers salaries to not only do the investigation and rework if needed, but the salaries of the employees that are not able to run the production lines to produce items.The other failure cost is External and these are failures that are discovered by the consumer once they have purchased the product. These can carry a much higher cost when found by the consumers. These costs can include Warranty repairs or replacements, costs of having a customer care perfu me or call center to deal with customer complaints, discounts to customers for current or future products and Legal action if the failure of a product caused some type of personal damage. Based on the 3 types of quality costs that have been discussed and reviewed above, I recommend that we look at doing more appraisals and inspections during the manufacturing process, this will limit the number of design changes that happen previous(predicate) in the process but it should help in cutting down our external failure costs and help limit any personal injury to our consumers.ReferencesStevenson, W. (2008). Operations Management (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Alien Rhyming Poem Essay

Ill even do the rhyming thing, I guess. Firstly, I should speciate you of our species But keep in mind, were very different beings Our social status is decided by blood. Some were brightly colored, others were like mud. Not of whom we be from descended from, We had no family, no dad, or mum. We be assigned a caretaker from birth, Not of Troll descent, for what its worth. Theyre assigned an animal, called a lusus, I, was a special case. virtuoso that caused a fuss. I had candy red blood. I was a mutant. And most trolls, considered me a pollutant.I was left for dead as a baby grub, It was rather an intentional snub. I would have died that first night, cold and lonesome, If it werent for one troll, who was wholesome. No troll had ever cared for a young one, Let alone burn it, was their son. She was an adult, in green attire, And the look on her face, made her seem quite dire. Despite her outwardly appearance She taught me the meaning of adherence. Our species is naturally hostile, And knowing this, made me remember oneself quite vile. I despised all of my species needless strife, The type that nearly ended my life. The hierarchical system is cruel,Leaving it to chance if you serve or rule. The lowest color on the hemospectrum, Were the bronze-bloods, all of which were thought as scum They were lucky to live through their childhood, And they were blessed if they were understood. The second of blood colors was yellow, These poor souls were compel to live in the ghetto. And if they could not afford to live there, They were sold to slavery, and none would care. Up next was olive, jade, and then teal, And none of these were really a big deal. afterwards that, cerulean and dark blue, These were the hardest to attend to. These classes were always struggling for power,It made their general tone, quite sour. The highest of the normal bloods was purple, And out of all of them, they were most verbal. Always making demands, scarcely never amends, However, the aggri evance extends. They considered themselves royalty, Flaunting around all flamboyantly. Near the top, were the violet blooded, And they lived in places that were flooded. They had a mutation which gave them gills, And plenty of impractical frills. And at the top were those with blood like gold, And all single one of them was cold. They like the purple-bloods had gills and frills,But they would kill others just for thrills They ruled over our race with an iron fist, But only one at each time could exist. This made a cruel sort of monarchy One which plunged plunged the lowbloods into poverty. And if you spoke out against the crimes Well it was like stepping into a field of landmines. And if one was seen with my blood hue, Theyd be allowed to kill me. Through, and through. Despite all this, she raised me as a child, And when I learned of this I think I smiled But that was the only bless I was brought, For the rest of my life, I wish I forgot.I traveled the lands, preaching my ideal, I had set out on my quest with a enormous zeal. I sought to change the views of society, And change all of their impropriety. I taught the values of peace and love, Something that most were afraid to talk of. Not all were too partial(p) of my teachings, They thought of it as annoying screeching. But eventually, I gathered a cult. One much to her majestys insult. She sent her best men to find and catch me, I on the other hand, did my best to flee. Eventually they caught me, my disciple too, But in some stroke of luck, the let her through.She went on, spreading word of my Lessons, I hope she went on, to teach her own sessions I, however was not treated so well, They locked me up in their deepest cell. They tortured me for what seemed like forever, They had no mercy for me whatsoever. I screamed with petulance that pierced the skies All of my love, had said their goodbyes. The only thing left, was anger and hatred, And in time, all my teachings faded. I could not make a stand for pe ace and love, For those, my species are unworthy of. And now you know all of my suffering, And why my irons, are still burning.

Terry Scholarship Applicant

Terry Scholarship Applicants Use this essay to discuss an father demonstrating your leadership outside the classroom. ) Describe a significant setback, challenge or opportunity in your life and the impact that it has had on you. Dance has always been my passion. When I was undergoing whatsoever difficult problems in my life, I always turned back to dancing. For nine years I had been going to the same dance studio, Pointe & Plie, however, a pas de deux of years ago the owner of the company had closed her dance studio and relocated to a nonher city.I was devasted because I had grown to love the instructors and build a untroubled fri abolishship with the girls there. After that I knew dance would never be the same. It wasnt until a couple years later, that a opportunitity opened up at my church. nonpareil of my friends, Tess, had been wanting to start a Praise & Worship Dance Team. She was barely going to start the team, and she asked me if I could help her recruit more people and snitch purposes.I was a bit hestiate because I hadnt danced in a while, but she convinced me that through my years of experience, I could do it. I ended up adding five more girls to the team, and were able to perform numerous of times at our church. The dance team was doing magnificent, and with more experience, we started performing outside of our church, such as early days rallies, musicals, local events, and different churches. The girls had grown to love dance.The year was coming to an end, and we could not wait for what exciting performances and activites we could do the upcoming year. However, Tess, the captain of the dance team, was leaving to college. close to of the girls had gotten discouraged because they thought dancing was over, however, I was not going to repeat the same mistake. I took the iniative to pick the team up and continue the performances even aft(prenominal) she left. We continued to practice, and each day we got better we even were blessed to have more members to the dance team.And to this day, we are still performing a different routine every month at our local church. We also have added a young dance team that run ages 9-14, they also perform with us to routines taught my myself and some of my friends. Through this experience, I learned to be a leader and to not loose faith in what your passion is. Dancing will never end for me. Eventhough, I have had some setbacks, I will continue doing what I love. I hope to one day inspire the people around me to not loose sight in your dream, even if things do not go as planned.

Politics provides Essay

Un soilable Politics provides good examples of unreasonable slippery slope arguments. hither is a statement pulled from the blogs on Barack Obamas campaign website In drift to bring change, you must vote, Phillips said. This assumes that if the great unwashed vote something provide change. Say the issue is the 35% tax rate. By this argument if people vote, the tax rate go forth change from 35%. Suppose the ballot issue says vote yes to keep taxes at 35% or vote no to eliminate taxes altogether. If 65% of voters vote yes, then nothing has changed.The tax rate is still 35% despite the fact that people voted. This example is an unreasonable argument because even if all of the people vote change may not happen, especially if one of the voting options is to keep things the same. Anformer(a) example would be a vote to keep a certain elementary school open or to close it. The options make it such that voting may sustain instead of change. Reasonable Science and care for provide goo d examples of reasonable slippery slope arguments. Take the osteoporosis issue, if you dont drink milk you might get osteoporosis.Inadequate calcium is a factor in bone loss. Bone loss is a factor in osteoporosis. Milk is a good source of calcium. Therefore it is reasonable to answer that not drinking milk might put a person at risk for osteoporosis if they are not getting calcium through other sources. Milk also has Vitamin D which is needed for healthy bones. Other sources of calcium may not contain adequate amounts of Vitamin D. Calcium and Vitamin D together kick upstairs healthy bones. Milk is a good way to get calcium and Vitamin D together.Examining the food pyramid and other dietary guidelines in print will state these conclusions with scientific citations which hold more weight than the personal opinions expressed in the political example. 3) When faced with an analogy, why would it be important to be certain about how similar the two things really are? Provide an example of a false analogy and explain what specifically makes them fallacious. False analogy Here is an example from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy The book Investing for Dummies really helped me understand my finances better.The book Chess for Dummies was written by the same author, was publish by the same press, and costs about the same amount. So, this chess book would probably help me understand my finances. The problem with this analogy is the subject matter, chess vs. investing. In this analogy the reader is led to believe that common characteristics of the two books (publisher, author, production cost) provide a common purpose. The purpose of the first is to learn how to invest. The purpose of the atomic number 16 is to learn how to play chess?Unless chess and investing share common principles and characteristics, then reading a book about one does not consecrate any insight into the other. By this logic, then if you shop at Walmart and find pair of shoes on sale for $14. 99 and a coffee nobleman on sale for $14. 99, then you might conclude that coffee makers are just like shoes. Another problem with this analogy, what if a person is looking for the translation of capital gains. Dummies books have glossaries, but the glossary of Chess for Dummies does not have the term capital gains, or any other investing related terminology.If it did, it would no longer be a book about Chess. Investing and playing chess are similar in that they require knowledge of process, skill at choosing moves or stocks, and a certain amount of luck to win or make money. In that sense investing is like chess. But to say that the reason that investing is like chess is because a couple of books on the subject share similar titles and similar production costs fails the test of logic. References Hass, C. Morning News. www. BarackObama. com, Blogs.Retrieved October 1, 2008, from http//my.barackobama. com/varlet/communi ty/post/stateupdates/gGxjRP Internet Encyclopedia of Phil osophy. Fallacies. Retrieved October 1, 2008, from http//www. iep. utm. edu/f/fallacy. htmF alse%20Analogy www. WebMD. com. Arthritis Osteoarthritis Basics. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http//www. webmd. com/osteoarthritis/gu ide/osteoarthritis-basics www. WebMD. com. What Is Osteoporosis? What You Need to Know. Retrieved September 30, 2008, from http//www. webmd. com/osteoporosis/guid e/osteoporosis-menopause

Ielts vs Toefl

Many students around the world port forward for studying in the linked State of America. They ar required to pass any English as A Second Language exam. The two most popular exams for international students are the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS. Many students get disconnected which exam is easier for them. In fact, it depends on the student to decide which is the easiest for him or her. There are many an(prenominal) reasons to consider whether to choose victorious the IELTS or the TOEFL-IBT. One of the biggest differences between these exams is in the let outing section.In the TOEFL-IPT, students use computers to take the exam. The speaking section on the TOEFL-IBT requires listening to six conversations and lectures, then students must reprimand about the conversations or the lectures that they heard for one minutes each. In the IELTS, students do not use computers and do not listen to any conversation or lecture. They speak with examiners instead of computers. The examiners ask close to general and specific questions then they must arrange these questions. Many students say that the IELTS is easier than the TOEFL-IBT in the speaking section because it is more than reliable.For example, in the TOEFL-IBT, some students may get lectures about subjects that they are not familiar with such(prenominal) as physics and chemistry. Many students say it is difficult to speak for one minute with computers under pressure about something that they contain not talked about before. On the IELTS, on the other hand, students get general and specific questions such as education, sport and business. They said that they can speak and discus with examiners about these questions and it is the best way to measure their abilities in speaking. The second difference between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS exams is in the writing section.The biggest difference is in the way that students write. In the TOEFL-IBT, students use computers in the whole exam. Therefore, they should type t wo essays in sixty minutes. On the IELTS, on the other hand, students use paper and pencils to write their essays. They must write two different essays in sixty minute by hand. It is obvious that it depends on the students to choose what is easier for them. For example, some students are good writer on the computer. They can type faster than writing by hand. Therefore, they prefer the TOEFL-IBT rather than the IELTS because they can write more forge in less time using computers.On the other hand, some students prefer the IELTS because they are very slow writers using computers. It takes them more time to write and look for the letters on the keyboard. As a result, they prefer the IELTS because they used to write by hand and they do not want to waste their time sounding for the liters on the keyboard. The third difference is in the listening section. In the TOEFL-IBT, students get questions first. They can read the questions and prepare for what they should listen to, then they lis ten to the lectures or conversations.On the other hand, the students who take the TOEFL-IBT are not allowed to read any question that they will be asked. Therefore, they listen to the lectures or the conversations and take notes then they get the questions. In fact, many students believe that the TOEFL-IBT is difficult in the Listening Section because they do not know what they will be asked after the lectures. For example, in the TOEFL-IBT, many students get confused while they are listening to the lectures. The lectures normally take six minutes and they cannot take note on everything that the lectures say.On the IELTS, the students hear the lectures while they read questions. They can answer questions directly then they can move to the next question. In the end, many students work hardly to learn English to study in the U. S. many of them have good English abilities but they fail in English as A Second Language exams. Some students choose wrong exams that do not match their skill s. They do not know the differences between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS. The Writing, Speaking and Listening sections are different between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS.

Book Review: Leading Change by John P. Kotter Essay

Leading Change by John P. Kotter. Harvard Business School Press, 1996.In light of the increasing rate of spay in the business organization environment due to factors such as technological advances and globalization, the need to be open to make successful transformations within an organization becomes more imperative than ever before. In Leading Change, Kotter identifies an eight-step guide for making successful organization changes. These eight steps stem from subjugateing common mistakes make during organizational change efforts seen in the knightly , such as too much complacency failing to create a powerful guiding coalition underestimating the power of vision under-communicating the vision permitting obstacles to gourmandize a new vision failing to create short term wins declaring a victory too soon and neglecting to secure changes firmly into the organizational culture.To avoid these mistakes, draws of an organization requiring changes should consider the following steps 1. Establishing a sense of urgency2. Creating a guiding coalition3. Developing a vision and dodge4. Communicating the change vision5. Empowering broad-based action6. Generating short-term wins7. Consolidating gains and producing more change8. Anchoring new approaches into the cultureIn establishing a sense of urgency , it is hoped that a leader of change give be able to direct stakeholders drive towards a common purpose and reducecomplacency. Common causes of complacency include the absence of a crisis, low overall performance standards, wrong performance measurement indexes, too much happy talk from perplexity, and lack of sufficient performance feedback from external sources. It is suggested that a leader creates a sense of purpose allowing weaknesses to be exposed, setting performance targets that atomic number 18 too high, analyze current opportunities and highlight the organizations inability to pursue them, and cut-down on the happy talk and listen to disgruntled customers .Very often, committees of employees devoted to making organizational change are ineffectual because they do not have the every influential, elderly managers who can make changes happen and reinforce the urgency of the committees purpose to all levels. Kotter suggests careful selection of committee members to include senior management and influential people, with care taken to avoid those employees he labels egos and snakes (i.e. those employees whose egos may take precedence over the committees agenda and those people who may undermine the religious belief necessary to build strong committee relationships)By developing a vision, a leader creates a picture of the future with some implicit or explicit commentary on why people should strive to create that future. (p. 68) It not only clarifies direction but helps in motivating those people who ordain be affected and/or implementing change. Kotter gives examples of good and bad visions and suggests that a perfect vision should be in troduce and simple enough to explain within vanadium minutes. A vision should also inspire people to force people bulge of their comfort zones, it should be challenging but attainable, and usually takes advantage of original trends such as globalization or technological changes.In communicating the change vision, Kotter argues that in this day of information overload, talk of vision and strategy takes up only a small fraction of employee time and the ideas are often lost. Using analogies, repetition and the use of multiple forums for conveying change vision will help employees to understand and remember the ideas. Clear concise language is a must.To empower employees for broad-based action enables much more flexibility within an organization to oblige to a changing environment. Barrier to empowerment however exist in i) the organizational structure w here(predicate) resources are so fragmented that timely delivery of objectives is well-nigh impossible , ii) the skills of employee s, iii) systems of the organization such as HR systems which advocate antiquated measures of performance which contradict new changes, iv) supervisors who are reluctant to change from the traditional command-and-control manner of management.Despite the long-term nature of many organizational changes, Kotter suggests that the generation of short-term wins is of utmost importance and not necessarily at the expense of long-term benefits. He cites examples of CEOs who have implemented long term change initiatives but the failure to create short-term wins and tangible benefits made stakeholders impatient resulting in disenchantment. He reinforces the clear difference between management and leadership and their importance in the pursuit of short-term and long term goals (leadership being more long-term vision and strategy-oriented, management being more concerned with the pursuit goals in the immediate future). The achievement of short-term goals not only reinforces that scarifies made f or long-term goal achievement are paying off. They also help to reward change agents and undermine cynics/anchors to change, they build momentum and can help fine-tune vision and strategies.After a short-term win, Kotter warns that it is all too tempting to relax and even regress in some cases back to old ways. All momentum of change is lost. To be able to consolidate gains and keep producing more change, he suggests that management increase urgency levels, and learn to understand and appreciate that interdependencies with in the organization dictate that when changes are made in one area, they often require further changes to be made in other areas or departments.Once changes have been made, it is then important to anchor them into the corporate culture. It is observed that culture is not easily manipulated so this should be done when all changes have been made. Changing the way we dothings around here is imperative so that regression to old practices is not experienced.To summariz e, Kotter reinforces that an increasingly changing business environment is forcing decisions to be made quicker and organizations to become more waxy to external changes than ever before. Only with increased flexibility, teamwork and leaner organizations can a leader ever hope to make changes in response to these pressure. The leadership qualities of the change agents very important because they set the vision for others to follow. The importance of continual learning is also emphasized because leaders who are constantly changing themselves and going out of their comfort zones arguably are more able to leave those comfort zones in order to adapt to a changing environment.

Heritage Assessment Tool Essay

Today in society there are many diverse culture and ethnic backgrounds, each with their own habits, traditions, preferences, and of these accommodates health. assorted needs of the whole person should be adjudicated in detail. This paper will discuss results from three unlike cultures through the interviewing of them using the inheritance Assessment fauna. It will also review, compare, and address health traditions between the cultures as well as identify common health traditions based on cultural heritage. The purpose is to evaluate and discuss how families subscribe to these traditions/practices, address health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration according to the assessment.Why Heritage Assessment?One method for de termining an individuals or groups needs is to use some type of cock in methodicalness to complete the assessment. Over 20 years ago an assessment tool was utilise in order to promote public health and awareness (Heritage Assessment Tool Re searchomatic, n.d.). The raise later became k right awayn as Healthy People 2000 and 2010 and 2020 is soon to come (Heritage Assessment Tool Researchomatic, n.d.). The tool contains twenty-nine different and varying questions to obtain detail of drive radical, siblings, immigration, religion, school, ethnic activities/cuisine and other topics. The emolument of applying a heritage assessment is because it enables the research to identify how Different people exhaust different beliefs regarding health, sickness, infection, virus, birth as well as death. All these different beliefs regarding health direct the various forms of culture. Therefore, the assessment of heritage is a significant step in order to build conk out understanding of cultural content (Heritage Assessment Tool Researchomatic, n.d. , p. 1).Health Maintenance, Health Protection, and Health RestorationMany traditional health beliefs and practices exist today among people who know and live by the traditions of t heir given ethno cultural heritage. Health, in this traditional context, has three dimensions each of which has three aspects, physical, mental, and spiritual (Giger, 1995). The three health traditions are maintaining, protecting, and restoring health, each with subcategories mentioned above as physical, mental, and spiritual. Those interviewed express a variety of each aspect. The interviews for this study were conducted to check into if there is comparison of the differences in health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration among the cultures involved. The three cultures involved were American, Hispanic, and Native American (Navajo Tribe).Family InterviewsIn maintaining health the American view was to consume a variety of fruits, vegetables and grains were reported to be consumed. Although a variety and balanced fodder was encourages it is all to be consumed in moderation. Birth control is permissible but immoral acts are solely for those who are legal and lawfull y married. Common to American western society is permissible to consume alcoholic beverage and other legal drugs, but religious preferences restrain those interviewed from any alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, or any beverage containing caffeine, and energy that is harmful to the torso. Entertainment was only to be sought if it was uplifting, wholesome and moral.Exercise is important and viewed as their body being set apart and should be maintained. Spiritual prayers were daily with individual and family to protect, maintain and restore health. A sacred oil is sometimes used in blessing those who are sick or afflicted. Fasting was discovered monthly for either personal strength or for that of someone else who needs blessings pertaining to health be it mental, physical, or spiritual. Attending a temple where they participate in ordinances with specific clothing is observed in order to protect health as well, however details of this were non to be mentioned specifically. Only those worthy and have authority to bless and heal are able to do so to restore health.The Hispanic particle of the interview expresses maintaining health as eating often with immediate family and frequently with close relatives. Main dishesinclude rice, beans, enchiladas, tortillas and other recipes custom to their culture. They pray often to maintain spiritual health. Thin is a sign as a line of work and they would rather be more obese then skinny. Objective data concludes both(prenominal) parents and children are all obese. They protect health by having God Fathers and Mothers who help to watch out and assume care of their children.They are involved in the Catholic Church and state that they attend weekly as a family and participate in sacred ordinances that allow them to grow mentally, spiritually, and physically. Birth control is seen as unacceptable. desire medical attention first from health care is not their first option, they state they would rather want help from parents, g randparents, or friends for remedies or treatments before seeking help from a medical professional. They were familiar with the term curandero which is a holistic healer, but they did not state having ever used such services for their family in particular.The Native American woman interviewed has a strong holistic approach when viewing medicine compared to westbound civilization. Before seeking any medical attention she states she will first try teas, herbs and other supplements in soothing common ailments. She often bakes breads, brews teas and gives to others of her family recipes to promote their health. Family unity is viewed as the upmost importance. Contact is maintained with parents, siblings, aunts, uncles, cousins and friends. though common for Navajo to view illness and sickness as curse or what is deserved, she reported this is more and better observed by her elders as well as speaking native language of Navajo.They do not attend any specific congregation of religion but view ancestors and current family and those they associate with now as their religion because they are those who they will be with after this life. There is a reported problem with alcohol abuse within the home and with other close family members. They view this as an individuals own choice and decision to consume such beverages. Relationship with the children in a structured home is most valuable. Frequently they visit grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles on the reservation, at least a few times a month. There are those they recognize as healers and Elders who have a calling to be able to heal and teach, these individuals however do not participate in this as distance makes it difficult. ConclusionCultures are ridiculous for their habits, traditions, practices and beliefs. Health is a mainstream for all individuals, families and groups to ensure a progression and effective lifestyle is obtained. No discipline how health is viewed or practiced it is entailed of a physical, mental , and spiritual makeup that requires attention. How that attention is given is decided by the culture and the people of that culture and should be viewed as an individuals right to practice and actualize as they choose. Living in a world with such diverse culture it is pleasing to see the different ways cultures and people address their health traditions and how they approach any need for adopting health traditions.ReferencesGiger, J.N. and Davidhizar, R.E. transcultural Nursing Assessment and Intervention, 2nd ed. St. Louis Mosby, 1995.Heritage Assessment Tool Researchomatic. (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2015, from http//www.researchomatic.com/Heritage-Assessment-Tool-104596.html

Organizational Controls Essay

The case describes cardinal of the most common bothers that arise in cross-cultural business expansions without story for cultural and social differences across borders. capital of Nebraska is a well established company with a abundant concurrent control system which enables it to move swiftly through processes and end up with phenomenal figures of competency and productivity. The control system at capital of Nebraska is concurrent, although it can be argued that the system has certain similarities with the feed-forward control system.However, one thing is certain the system is quick and flexible to change quickly which does not consist of the retardation of the feedback system. In particular such a system along with the contrasting types of reward schemes makes capital of Nebraska exceedingly successful in the United States. It would be really difficult to find an organization comparable to Lincoln in terms of the amounts and kinds of rewards given to its employees.The inco mpatible employee rewarding schemes argon all tools and techniques which Lincoln has adapted to over the years because of the realization of the fact that employees in the US are highly motivated through pay-based rewards. (Susan Meredith, 2004) basically speaking it is this single factor which has contributed largely to the success of Lincoln in the US and the different kinds of pay-based rewards single seek to satisfy all kinds of people with different ideas and expectations for pay-based rewards.It should be understood by the focussing of Lincoln when they are transporting the US approach to other cultures that the cultures of different nations maybe and probably are entirely different from the American culture. It is not necessary that the comparable kinds of objects and pay-based rewards may drive them and motivate them towards high productivity. There are a lot of other intrinsic rewards available at the disposal of managers to use to meet the demands of the workforce.Th e same types of rewards may not work on different cultures collectable to the social and political circumstances of those nations. Employees may have different needs, which if met by the management, depart motivate them to work harder and achieve levels of high productivity and efficiency. (Daft, 2001) The problem made by the management at Lincoln was to generalize that fact that pay-based and other monetary rewards will definitely motivate employees to achieve high productivity and efficiency.Instead, the operations failed due to the different cultures having different motivational factors, which obviously were not identified by the Lincoln management. The suggestion here to be followed by the management is to identify through research and internal mingling the factors that affect motivation and job satisfaction amongst the different cultures in which they have expanded their operations to and address specifically those issues to reap the same results as in the US. (Robbins, 2004 )Employees would maintain their relationship and confidence in Lincoln only if the organization upholds its the expectations the employees and their unions hold from them. If Lincoln is unable to pay its US workers the bonus they merit, Lincoln will be in deep trouble. The overall situation would go from bad to worse. It should be understood that the US employees had no share or perpetrate in Lincolns expansions and that the losses arising as a result of the bad policies implemented in the new acquisitions was not transferable onto the US employees.Thus, Lincoln should not dishearten the US employees or hazard the deterioration of employee satisfaction, morale and motivation which will affect Lincoln negatively in a world-shattering manner. (Robbins, 2004) Therefore, I believe that Lincoln should borrow money to pay its US workers the bonus they actually deserve to take no risks in losing potential employees to its competitors or risk the loss of employee boost and motivation d ue to a break in expected promises.

Methods of Resource Allocation and Resource Leveling

AbstractionThis paper illustrates what is the vision, what ar the motivations for the thrill of mental imagerys in tasks, what is the different between pick parceling and imagery Leveling, it explains the attacks commitd in mental imagery direction which are the election constrain scheduling problems ( RCSP ) and Resource Leveling Problems ( RLP ) , it discusses the different methods or algorithms that involvement in imageryfulness programming and direction, it at any rate presents some of heuristic theoretical accounts such as the Minimum heartbeat Method, the PACK Method, and the Minimum Absolute Deviation ( MinDev ) Method, it besides focuses on the hereditary Algorithm ( GA ) , explains what is the mechanism of escape and its rule, and it shows the mathematical theoretical accounts of GA.IntroductionWhat is alternatives? some(prenominal) point that required to carry through a exploit, and to Complete an activities to accomplish coveted ends. Some illustrat ions of resource are people, capital, energy, stuff, machinery, dress, etc. The success of a undertaking direction is determined by its day of the calendar month achievement. Through a carefully planned sequence, the docket arranges the group of single work activities by say start and storage day of the months. The clip it takingss to construct a undertaking is controlled by the yearss of the planned work activities. The continuance of severally bodily process is equal to the measure of undertaking divided by the production rate. Shortages of top dog resources can impact the close garbage down clip and work of scheduled work activities by decrease the prognosis of production rate and later increasing the planned continuance of work beyond the outlook completion day of the month of the undertaking and hence carry bare fiscal loads due to the hold. Ignoring restraints set on the agenda by the limited resources decrease the effectivity of utilizing the agenda as a direct ion tool. For that, the resource haves for each activity should be estimated and calculated carefully in front a agenda is deal into action.Different between Resource Allocation and Resource LevelingDelegating needed resources to undertakings or activities such that available resources are non exceeded the upper bounds called Resource Allocation.Resource grading its a procedure of smoothening of a resource demand. Its an effort to delegate resources to project activities in a manner that will better productiveness and reduce extra resource needed.Ideal Condition, Theoretically histogramFigure 1Practical & A Target HistogramFigure 2Resource parceling,besides known as resource burden, is the procedure that breaks down work activities into the types and measures of labour, stuffs, and equipment needed to finish the occupation. As a consequence, one is able to find the awaited resource demands, and program consequently.Resource gradingtakes the direction of resources one measure f urther by analysing the resource demands of the full undertaking and trying to cut down the pipelines associated with deficient measures and/or fluctuations in resource demand on a daily footing.Work performed on building work sites requires the use of labour, stuffs and equipment resources. As antecedently stated, deficits in the handiness or measure of any of import resources can impact the efficiency and completion of day of the month and scheduled work. Therefore, the resource demands for each activity should be estimated forrader a agenda is put into action. By apportioning the labour, stuffs, and equipment required to execute each single work on the agenda, one is able to pre-plan the expected resource demands for each working day of the undertaking before the agenda is carried out. This entire resource demand is so compared with the measure ( supply ) on-hand. If the supply on-hand exceeds the demand, so the agenda can be worked as planned. If it is found that the demand ex ceeds supply, so stairss need to be taken to secure that the proper sum of resource will be on manus on the day of the month needed. It should be noted that the Resource Allocation procedure merely determines whether or non there is a job when comparing resource supply and demand. It will non province the class of action needed to rectify the job.The fluctuations of resource use of labour, equipment, or stuffs can do a resource waste, therefore it will be extra fiscal loads and its really expensive. The disbursal that consequences from fluctuations in labour supply comes in the physical body of uninterrupted preparation and lay-off of new employees, or in the mobilisation and demobilisation of building equipment. Leveling the demand for resources helps minimise the cost of the undertaking and the big daily fluctuations in the effigy of resources needed.Frequently, the undertakings tend to two nous way, whether they are profitable undertakings or service undertakings, the first 1 is to alter day of the month of the completion clip of the undertaking before when it was scheduled and planned Reducing the continuance of the undertaking, with the available resources the resource constrained scheduling problems ( RCSP ) , while the 2nd tendency is the leveling the resources on the all-time of the undertaking to see the terminal of the undertaking in the scheduled day of the month Resource Leveling Problems ( RLP ) . For that, umpteen methods and algorithms were published that take one of these two tendencies, some of them are heuristic methods which will be mentioned some of them subsequently, and the other(a) are modern method, such as a familial algorithm, Ant Colony optimization, and Particle Swarm Optimization and others.The first heuristic method that is published isBurgess and killbrew methodin 1962, this method aims to level the resources along the continuance of the undertaking to guarantee the the completion day of the month of the undertaking. And what distinguishes it that the precedence regulation based heuristic process to cut down the fluctuations on resource demand and applicable to a assortment of leveling prosodies. In 1975,Woodworth and Willie methodwas published, its RLP method, and its algorithm for resource grading in multi-project, multi-resource programming. Harris has created a method calledPACK methodin 1990, to level resources by minimising minutes of resource histograms has been introduced. Then followed byMartinez and Aoannou methodin 1993, its RLP, the circumscribed Minimum Moment Heuristic has been used in building resource grading in this method, in 1996 Chan Chua and Kannan algorithm has published, its GA based method which aims to minimise divergences from available resource. General theoretical account to express out resource grading ( RLP ) and limited resource allotment ( RCSP ) at the same time. This sort of algorithms sometimes called metaheuristic.One of the ways that will be discussed in t his paper the marginal minute method.The Minimum Moment Method ( Martinez and Ioannou 1993 )The minimal minute method supposes that the minute of the day-to-day resource demands about the X axis of rotation ( horizontal axis ) of a undertaking s resource histogram is a powerful ill-treat of the resource use and the optimum resource allotment obtains when the entire minute is at a lower limit, when the resource histogram is an ideal status as a rectangle form. The method s aim is to minimise the day-to-day fluctuations in resource demand by traveling activities in clip on the x axis and withen each activity s at large(p) float so as to avoid switching successor activities. this activity shifting is typically time-constrined ( the undertaking completion clip remain unchanged without increased or decreased. Mathematically, the resource minute () for the undertaking can be expressed by ciphering the amount of single resource minutes about the X axis ( clip axis ) .The cost map given bySubjected toA?Tocopherol?FA? 0 iN= 1,2, , mWhere I is the clip interval index, zee is the figure of clip interval,is resource demand for each interval, N is the figure of activity, m is the entire figure of activities, Ais the existent start clip of each activity n,Tocopherolis the earliest start clip of activity N, andFis the unthaw float of activity N.The PACK Method ( Harris Method 1990 )The PACK Method is based on the minimal minute method and depend on packing each non-critical activities one by one to do switching on allowable free float taking into account their day-to-day resource demands get together the spreads in the resource histogram. The PACK method builds a histogram sing merely critical activities in the first, the other activities ( non-critical activities ) are arranged in given sequences based on sequence measure ( in diminishing order ) , day-to-day resource demand ( in diminishing order ) and entire float ( in increasing order ) and so hierarchically activi ties are selected from the processing waiting line and arranged and assign in clip between the originally scheduled early start and late start clip of each one. The activity displacement is determined so that cut down the minute of resource or day-to-day resource demand taking into history the impact on the undermentioned activities.Figure 3One of the restraints of this method is the continuance of each activity remains without altering and that betterments in resource allotment can be achieved by activity shifting and the use of each activitys free float.Minimum Absolute Deviation ( MinDev )The aim of AbsDev is to minimise the divergence between the resource demands and a wanted change little resource rate.The mathematical preparation of the nonsubjective map for the AbsDev is as followsAbsDev =U =Where N is the undertaking continuance, andis the demand of appointed activities at the twenty-four hours m, Y is the figure of activities, U is a unvarying resource degree,is the entir e demand of activity x, andis the continuance of activity x.Familial Algorithm ( GA )In the novel old ages, Genetic Algorithm has been the topics of involvement. The dramatic characteristic of this algorithm is that it is based on thoughts from the scientific ascertain of biological genetic sciences and the procedure of natural choice. It is introduced in the United States in the early 1970s by J.Holland and it is an outstanding method to work out the complex optimisation job. It has been widely used in many Fieldss, such as map optimisation, combination optimisation, nervous web optimisation, programming optimisation and so on.The major benefits of this algorithm is that they provide a robust hunt in complex infinites and are normally less expensive, every bit far as calculation is concerned, when compared to most other optimisation solutions. Some of the features of GA compared to normal optimisation hunt processs are ( 1 ) Smart hunt ( 2 ) Progressive optimisation ( 3 ) Glob al optimum solution. ( 4 ) Black-box construction ( 5 ) Good versatility ( 6 ) Parallel-type algorithm ( 7 ) Intrinsic acquisition ( 8 ) Stability.Most of the familial algorithms have three chief operators1 ) superior 2 ) Crossing over3 ) fluctuation.The Genetic Algorithm is performed in the undermentioned stairssMeasure 1 Population low-level formatting Measure 2 Calculate the fittingness value of each someone Measure 3 Choice Measure 4 Crossing over Measure 5 Mutant Measure 6 Analyze the halt status, if meet stop status, travel to step 7, else go to step 2 Measure 7 End product the person with best fittingness value.The procedure of the Genetic Algorithm can be described as Fig. 4Figure 4 Flow map of the Genetic Algorithm

Consider Two Contrasting Characters In The Play Essay

Con statusr two contrasting characters in the converge. How does the dramatist convey their psychealities and their attitudes to the situation in which they find themselves?The playwright of The Long, the Short and the T altogether is Willis Hall and he wrote it in 1959. The play is set in the Malaysian jungle in 1942 during the Second World War. It is roughly a British scout patrol, which is caught in the un swayed Japanese advance down the Malaysian peninsula. It bulks with men from all over Britain, from different backgrounds and cultures, and their relationships with each different. The main issue though, is whether the men atomic number 18 able to kill new(prenominal) humane being. It shows their reactions in tense and almost unreal situations.World War Two lasted from 1939 to 1945. It was fought in two places in Europe against Germany and in the Pacific against Japan. Britain and the USA started fighting against Japan because Japan bombed Pearl accommodate in Decembe r 1941, which had docked a whole fleet of American war ships. The British and the Americans didnt expect the Japanese to attack, so they were non able to defend themselves.From here Japan continued to expand into other countries. They quickly conquered South-East Asia. The next thing the Japanese did was to invade Singapore in Malaysia. Again the British were completely unprepared for the attack. All Singapores defences were facing into the sea, never expecting or believing that anybody would hump down the peninsula, through the jungle, barely this is exactly what the Japanese did. Because no oneness in Singapore believed that they would be attacked from the land side, all the defences were on the ocean side, to protect against a marine attack.The Japanese were so roaring because they had had better training in jungle warfare. They wore light clothing, had light ammunition and made use of bicycles for transport. This meant that they could hold up great distances in a relativel y short time. There wasnt much go for for the British soldiers, who had little or no training in jungle warfare, they had heavy clothing and ammunition and no suitable transport.Morale in the British army was in truth baseborn. Most of the soldiers were conscripts who were very cynical to the highest degree the ability of the generals of the army to occupy the army in the right away and in any case because of the lack of worthy training and equipment. This can be seen in the play in the way the characters talk of the communicate not working. Damn duff equipment is how Johnstone describes the radio.To the British conscripts the Japanese army seemed invincible, with their incredibly patriotic soldiers who were prepared to die or else than surrender. The Japanese believed in the motto Death ahead dishonour. They seemed a completely fearless army because of this, which didnt do the morale of the British soldiers much good.The two contrasting characters I hasten elect to loo k at are Bamforth and Johnstone. I throw off chosen Bamforth because his character changes a great deal throughout the play and his point of view moves to a different angle and I commit chosen Johnstone because his character is one of the few ones, which doesnt change much throughout the play.Private C. Bamforth is a conscript into the British army and has been posted over to the Far East to stand by fight the Japanese. He is from capital of the United Kingdom and is in the lowest possible rank in the army. His position is completely different from Johnstones. His full epithet is Corporal E. Johnstone. He is two above Bamforth in ranks and is part of the regular army and is not conscripted. This way of life that is attitude to the army is different. His attitude is much less cynical and he respects authority more, in terms of Mitchem. He is cynical in one part of the play where he haves exasperated when the radio wont work. Damn duff equipment.The whole damn issues duff. more over boilersuit he is much less cynical of the British armys capabilities. On the other side Bamforth is very cynical of the British army in the way he speaks of it. He apparently quotes one of the Generals, Bammo, my old son, the British armys in a desperate situation. The yellow perils about to descend on us Here he is joking about the state of the British army, but he apparently believes it, otherwise he wouldnt be saying it and it wouldnt be playfulnessny. Also he makes clear that he isnt prepared to be a hero, I wasnt meant to be a hero he states it clearly and decisively, which shows that he has no doubts about it.Bamforth enjoys making fun of others especially plenty who cant defend themselves very well like Whi weer and people who are of a certain area much(prenominal) as Wales or Scotland. He tends to generalise about people of a certain area and call them derogatory names. You Scotch haggis, you Cardiff creep, Youre an ignorant rip off Taff He is a really unpleasant c haracter in the beginning and obviously resents authrority Nit is what he says chthonian his breath at Johnstone. Johnstone is also unpleasant in the way he threatens Bamforth, but as the person watching the play, with no knowledge of how Bamforths character will change, I found that I sympathised with Johnstone and snarl glad that he was giving Bamforth what he deserved.Their initial reaction was also very similar, as it was Johnstone who grabbed the captive and ordered one of the other men to kill him with their bayonet and Bamforth was the only other soldier who felt able to kill him. He regarded the Japanese soldier as only as important as an animal. Its only the same as carving up a pig. The captive was very low in his opinionJohnstone has very little contact with the prisoner he only has direct contact with the prisoner when he has the debate with Bamforth over whether the prisoner should be allowed any cigarettes. He obviously has strong opinions on what should happen t o the prisoner he phones it is a bad decision of Mitchems to take the prisoner back as it is too risky. He tries to argue with Mitchem that they should kill the prisoner right then, before it all got out of hand. Get rid of him. Right nowStrangely enough, it is Bamforth who befriends the prisoner and talks to him and fraudulence with him. He even begins to regard the prisoner as almost human. Hes almost human this one is. His opinion of the prisoner has travel from that of animal to almost human. This is because the prisoner showed him his photos of his family. He indicates that he also has a baby, this is probably why Bamforth begins to regard him with more respect. Next Bamforth offers the prisoner a cigarette, but Johnstone knocks the prisoners from his mouth. At once Bamforth demands an explanation from Johnstone. Here he is clearly defending the prisoners rights, but also I think that he argues with Johnstone just because he did something that infringed his rights.Later on w hen the sway about the prisoners cigarette case begins, the playwright cleverly makes Bamforth leave so that the argument can progress without anyone coming to the prisoners defence. When Bamforth returns the argument reaches a climax he straight comes to the prisoners defence. He defends him verbally and helps the prisoner. He tells the others that he gave the prisoner the cigarettes.This may not have been true and I dont think that Johnstone really believed him. He is the one who asks to look at the case before it is returned to the prisoner and he starts another argument about the case. This time Bamforth does not contain to have given it to him, but turns the story back on Johnstone by making Whitaker tell the others how he has a locker full of Japanese souvenirs. He defends the prisoner all the way. This is sign that he has shape really attached to the prisoner.By the end when they have to decide whether to kill the prisoner or not, Bamforth has become very attached to the prisoner. He physically stands in-between the prisoner and Johnstone, as can be seen from the show directions. This is a clear piece of proof that he is now prepared physically protect the prisoner not just argue for him. Its him and me. This shows that he is saying that if they want to kill the prisoner, they will have to kill him too. Also he now expresses freely that he regard the prisoner highly. Hes a man, showing that the prisoner has earned a lot of Bamforths respect. Johnstone on the other hand is the one who is trying to kill the prisoner. Johnstone still thinks they should kill the prisoner and his opinion of him has not risen either, Its a bloody nip From this we can see that he regards him as really low because he says it instead of he and uses the derogatory term of bloody nip.He orders Bamforth out of the way, but he will not move and appeals to each of the men in turn to help him. But each one turns him down, he appeals to Macleish last of all, probably hoping that a t least he was going to help him because his brother could be a POW too. But even he does not help Bamforth. He is obviously desperate because he turns to sheer pettiness when each of the men turn him down. I hope they carve your brother up. Get that? I hope they carve your bloody brother up In the end the decision is made for them as Whitaker shoots the prisoner as he rises, during the fight between Bamforth and Johnstone.The play offers no obvious answers to who was right or what they should have done. It was quite ironic how it is Johnstone left alive at the end who surrenders because it is was he who was prepared to kill their POW, having said this he did not have much pickax in the matter. Personally I really dont know what they should have done because it was such a hard decision, but if I had to make a decision I would probably have tried to take the prisoner back to camp rather than hanging around arguing about it.If they had done that they might have had a chance of gettin g back alive, but as it was they had no hope. With the benefit of hindsight, I can see that Johnstone was right, when he said that they should kill the prisoner in the beginning, when none of them were attached to the prisoner and there would have been no problem. However I dont think I would be able to kill someone in that situation even if I was ordered to.

Aggressive driving Essay

(1)Aggressive madcap is a phenomenon, which has only recently got the public worried. (2)The National Highway Traffic Safety Council (NHTSC) defines self-assertive driving as the operation of a motor vehicle in a manner that scuppers or is likely to endanger persons or property. (3)Actions such as running red lights, incorrect passing, overtaking on the left, improper lane change, failing to apply, improper turns, running stop prints, tailgaiting, careless driving and speeding are examples of hard-hitting driving.. (4)Such actions are dangerous to other road users. (5)Aggressive driving should be avoided because it causes crashes, injuries and fatalities.(6)The first reason why hard-hitting driving should be avoided is it causes crashes. (7)According to NHTSC between 78 percent (excessive speed) and coke percent (improper passing) of the cases of aggressive driving guideed in traffic crashes and 96 percent of the drivers cited for following too closely or tailgaitng caused crashes as a result of their aggressive driving. (8)Moreover, running red light, improper passing, and overtaking on the left top other categories of aggressive driving in contributing to traffic crashes.(9)Another reason why aggressive driving should be avoided is it causes injuries.(10) NHTSC states that the percentages of the injuries caused by aggressive driving are, in almost all categories of aggressive driving, above 100 percent. (11)Furthermore, the Department of Highway Safety (DHS) reports that this is due to the fact that each motor vehicle crash accounts for wizard or more injuries. (12) It was found that of the ten categories of aggressive driving, running red light, failing to yield, and running stop signs are the most serious portions contributing to injuries.(13)Yet another reason why aggressive driving should be avoided is it causes fatalities. (14)Overtaking on the left appears to be the most important contributing factor in traffic fatalities as it relates to aggressive driving. (15) Improper lane change, running stop sign and running red light rank second through four in terms of their plowshare to traffic fatalities (DHS, 2008).(16)The above evidence shows that aggressive driving causes crashes, injuries and fatalities. (17) Hence, aggressive driving should be avoided. (18)Since the opening of the North-South Highway, the payoff of kilometers of roads in the country has increased by one percent while the number of vehicle miles driven has increased by 35 percent. (19) More cars and more drivers are also on the road, lead story to more aggressive drivers.

Marketing Channel - Reverse logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

selling Channel - Reverse logistics - Essay Exampleimplementation and management of proficient, cost effective streaming of unprocessed materials in process catalog, finished products and other information reversing from the consumers point back to the origin.This topic may as well include remanufacturing and renewing. Remanufacturing involves manufacturing of products that the company had manufactured while renewal involves renovation of already manufactured goods. It encompasses the trade of superfluous goods, other paraphernalia and machines that customers return to the manufacturer, and leasing businesses because of different reasons.Talking of logistics, we refer to the events surrounding the movement of goods from the maker to the consumer and reverse takes the goods at least a step or more backwards the supply chain.1 A manufacturer may produce a product which, through a supply chain, moves through the electrical distributor to the consumer. Any other process after the sa le of the product is reverse logistics if the product is substandard of defective, thence the customer would certainly return it. This would mean that a manufacturer has to incur shipping expenses to fetch the product, try out the product, 2possibly dismantle the product, repair, recycle or even dispose the product. This means that the product reverses the chain of supply interlocking for manufacturers to gain any use from the defective product.This has effects on the market and the overall business terminationeavour since most retailers consider products that their customers return as personally dislodged deals. The retailers have the main challenge in treat the returns at an expertise level for faster, proficient and money-making collection and return of the product3. The probability of product returns depends on the consumer requirements which end up aiding high service standards including accuracy and timeliness.Retailers can address all the operational and customer poster ior retention issues in regards to merchandise returns through following the best

Compare And Contrast The Political Agendas Of Putin And Ahmadinejad Term Paper

equate And Contrast The Political Agendas Of Putin And Ahmadinejad - Term Paper ExampleThey atomic number 18 geared towards ensuring that the lives of their ordinary citizens are whole transformed economically as fountainhead as semi policy-makingly. Moreover, they are completely opposed to the westerns strength over the global affairs. They view this dominance as primarily geared towards protecting the interests of the west at the expense of opposite world countries. It is in the light of the feeling that they all want to save up their countries from this influence. They intend to achieve this by building a strong economy base in the country. They are of the opinion that a strong economy is not likely to be subjected to manipulation. Their political agendum Putins political agenda is demonstrated in a number of moves that are intended to reduce hesitancy as who depart contest the presidency of Russia the moment he will step down. He will go on to control the countrys pre ference even on finishing his term which is seen as a good move because it will foster political stability and reduce political tensions. Putin adopted a strategy that was called the zero option. This was geared towards prohibition on the redistribution of property as well as prohibition of any kind of prosecution of those perceived to have taken part in the privatization. Putin believed that what posed the greatest threat to Russias strategic stability was the American unilateralism. He wanted an bureau that United States would always act in a multi lateral fashion as opposed to its regular ways of pursuing its own national interest and in the process interfere with national interests of other countries Russia included. Putin was elected the Russian president in January 2000. His pledge was that he would bring stability and order in Russia as well as initiate a process that would restore Russia to its initial greatness. His political agenda was to unify the Russian Society, brin g stability to the Russian economy as well as beef up the country. He wanted to ensure a calm international environment which he viewed as the happen upon to Russias goal of rebuilding. Putin do impression in the process of restoring the countrys stability domestically through a variety of methods. His agenda was to pursue a program based on certain as well as consistent economic and administrative reforms. These changes were premised on quashing any kind of political opposition as well as establishing the central governments authority. To achieve this he had to model in place a st able-bodied economic platform. This is why the countrys GDP go on to grow, enabling Russia to pay for its budget being the first Soviet Union country to be able to do so. Before he was elected Ahmadinejad was a in truth little known political figure. Since his election in 2005 he has made notable attempts to revive the populist policies that characterize The Islamic Revolution in earlier days. This is characterized by his political style of confrontation. His authoritarianism coupled with the many incendiary comments that he made against the United States as well as Israel. These remarks have made him a figure viewed as very controversial. Ahmadinejad administration is very vocal in its attempt at promoting an agenda that is Pan-Islamic as well as driving the influence of Iran in regional matters. As a result he has received dominance over western media as one of the up-coming leader from the developing world and keen on thought-provoking global order that is being led by America. His ideals and rhetoric are purely populist. They

Project Management 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Management 10 - Essay Examplenately, Terry was bombarded with flesh out engineering-related questions about the specifications and production issues hence she gets frustrated and close the notification leaving the meeting.Terry presentation however, shows us that she was not prepared well for this presentation and that through various questions she was asked from the audience shows that the presentation was not appropriate. in the beginning presentation, one needs to dedicate his her appropriate time which is a crucial part of marking a successful presentation (Steele, 2009). Terry was supposed to think carefully about the message to communicate and this could grant played a role in boosting her confidence as well. A good presentation incurs characteristic elements including the objective, subject, and the nature of the audience, the place, time and length of the talk which makes a presentation successfully.Terry however, at the start of her presentation would have critic ally articulated clarity on whether and when she should be answering the questions from the audience. She should have told the audience to come alive their questions when she completes her all slides explanation of the project. This help a lot since the some of the audiences questions can be well answered as go along the presentation. The decision to walk away from presentation was null. As a project manager, it is dampen to explain engage divisibly with the audience and assure them to get their questions answered as soon as possible erst the problem have been resolved since nature at times takes into

Johan Huzinga's chapter and Stuart Brown's lecture arguments and Essay

Johan Huzingas chapter and Stuart Browns lecture arguments and supporting evidences - Essay Exampler (Huizinga 119). Both authors or professors stressed the magnificence of foregather in our lives, society in general and even in nature itself. But their arguments tackled the antithetical aspects and importance of play such that it cannot be judged who made a more valid argument about play. Brown explored more on the necessity of play for our wholesome and holistic development as individuals. Huizinga moved(p) on the same topic but only in passing when he mentioned that Animals play unspoilt like men. We have only to watch young dogs to see that all the essentials of human play argon present in their merry gambols (97) and only used this as a jumping board to his chief(prenominal) thesis of plays cultural, aesthetics, religion and philosophical dimension. Browns finding is quite informatory about the value of play in our mental health. In his study, he found that individuals w ho are play deprived are vulnerable to tragic acts such as murder (1). He elaborated that just about and play is a great learning medium for all of us.

Exchange of the Products in a Physical Form and Sale or Purchase of Literature review

Exchange of the Products in a Physical Form and Sale or Purchase of Foreign Currency - Literature review object lessonTwo major factors are said to be the litmus test of market efficiency the order of statistical dependence between consecutive movements in reciprocation rates and the profitability of trading regulations. research pertaining to the first issue on common statistical mechanisms like runs outline and nonparallel correlation analysis is to decide on the magnitude of reliance between successive exchange rate changes. (Jacque 1997110). One surmise demonstrates that the past exchange rates include useful data in projecting future exchange rates since the data only spreads slowly among market participants, thus contradicting the market efficiency hypothesis. Poole in his semiempirical study has established demonstr equal serial dependence in the currency price-rates of change by employing tests of serial correlation, filter rules and variance-time function. Pool attr ibuted his research findings of serial reliance on transaction and inventory-carrying costs. Dooley and Shafer (1976) found a substantial serial correlation in exchange rate series, thus doubting the Market Efficiency scheme and a contrario, offering empirical proof for the Price Dynamics theory of exchange rate behaviour. faint and Dufey (1975) in their research study of the comparative projecting correctness of five models, proved that the behaviour of realise exchange rates is best illustrated as following a random walk, an outcome clearly tested with the weak form of market efficiency. Some research studies have revealed that certain trading methodologies are able to make optimistic surplus revenues.

Entering UMass College for Bachelor of Health Administration courses Essay

Entering UMass College for Bachelor of Health Administration courses - strain ExampleUpon completion of this under alum program, I view as great passion of continuing to obtain my graduate program. I am really encouraged, motivated and focused because I am convinced that am in the right career path since I have a great passion for this and even have some family history.I have a strong foundation of this field and have had a destiny of inspiration from family and friends. I have attended unimaginative Nursing School in Cincinnati, Ohio, where I real training as a Practical Nurse. Further, I have worked as a Licensed Practical Nurse for seven years. During this period, I have had the opportunity to serve various people in the companionship and made an impact in their life. Considering that, I have shown quality service to the community during this period my terminal is to complete my Bachelor program in your institution so that I can be in a position to offer broad and better se rvice to people. This has prepared a foundation for my supremacy in this field.Pursuing Health Administration has been my long-term goal, and I would like to make this dream cum true by obtaining a Bachelor of Health Administration from University of Massachusetts. I really appreciate your duration and consideration, and look forward for a feedback

IT Project Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT forecast Management - Research Paper ExampleIn this instance, the bon ton seeks to enhance the solidarity in the organization among the younger and the senior staffs (Parthasarathy, 2010).Virtual police squads stand out to be much more successful in the company when the employees of the company gain access to such aspects of training, formation of the group and its efficient instruction. In this instance, the team members should find their freedom of work and also have well laid down systems of communication (Zofi, 2012).Top watchfulness forms the major stakeholders in any successful Information Technology projects implementation. They secure the down communication between the members of the fuddled with the top management. (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011).The management ensures that in that location is enough staff that can successfully run the project. In fact, if possible, there should be standby staff to offer coverage in cases where there could be an emergency or even sick ness in some instances (Morris & Pinto, 2010).The management is the planners of the ideas or goals that ensure that the IT company runs as expected. They ensure that with the use of the least resources and time, the planned objectives takes place smoothly for the success of the IT firm (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011).It is very vital for the organization to be on the safe side all the time during its perfunctory operations. In this case, the top management is always prepared to counter such eventualities in the organizations. (Zwikael, & Smyrk, 2011).There lacks a good relationship. There are also decision-making problems, style of leadership and also opposition from other members of the team who neither participate nor contribute towards the development of the team (Leon, 2008).The aspects of human resource management items like selection, training, and management can help the virtual teams reduce travel and relocation costs, and provide work/life equilibrium and flexibility for employe es (Khosrow-Pour,

Different Dimensions of Strategic Human Resource Management Coursework

Different Dimensions of Strategic piece Resource Management - Coursework ExampleIf the employees were found positive then they were dismissed from their job. The company was dealing in controversial drugs. We would be focusing on the case of James, a sales team leader in the office. He was found guilty when a sudden drug test was conducted on him and results were positive. The company took the decisiveness which was similar for all. He was dismissed. In this aspect the role and reach of the kind being election department is analyzed. The legitimate reach of the HRD, ethical issues that the HRD has to keep in mind and the role of the trade couplings in the organization argon also discussed. The legal help that an employee may receive if he/she is unfairly dismissed by the company is also analyzed in the study to advice both the parties in the case the next steps that they stop take. It is the duty of the HRD to solve issues within the company, so that they would not have to sp end unnecessary money in legal cases. Generally companies solve issues through mutual talk with trade unions or compensate the employee for the bolshy that he/she had to bear for sudden unemployment. In this case Ms Davison was the bridge between the trade union and the management of the company. She was supposed to solve issues and settle the matter. It was recommended that the personnel should be given a second line up for improvement with strict notice of warning. Termination is a final and drastic step, which could be only taken after few oral or written warnings. Introduction In this study we are spill to discuss in detail about the different dimensions of strategic human resource management. Strategic human resource management simply means to manage the employees or human resources of the company, by keeping in mind the long-term goals and profitability of the company. Organizations are looking for such human resources who would prove to be singular assets and can provide sustainability to the company. Due to drastic changes in the business environment, increase diversity in the workforce, increasing focus on profitability and technology, the importance of managing the workforce efficiently has increased. The basic function of the human resource department is to ensure that the company has competent, willing and efficient workforce. There are several other functions that the human resource department of the company has to monitor along with recruitment and selection of the employees. These functions includes job analysis, training the employees, monitor performance of the employee for appraisal, ascertaining the remuneration for the particular job position or employee, allotting incentives for good performance, taking care of the employee expediency policies of the company, acting as a communication channel between the employees and the top level management, developing employee welfare, pencil eraser and health care plans, taking care of promotion s, transfers, maintaining industrial relationships, handling the issues of the Trade Union, solving disputes within the employees or departments, assessing the ethical issues in the department or

Capital Budgeting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Capital Budgeting - inquiry Paper ExampleFirstly, neat expenditures require large expenditures of funds. Secondly, firms must find out the best prelude to repay and salary increase these funds. Third, majority of the decisions of capital budgeting include a long-term assurance. Finally, the timing of the capital budgeting decisions is significant. When the firms raise large amount of funds, they need to consider the financial markets more attentively beca intent the cost of capital is instanter related to the current interest rate. In short, capital budgeting is the means of conducting cost-benefit analysis (Scribd, 2011).The requirement for important nurture and analysis of the alternatives of capital budgeting have inspired the development of a sequence of models to help firms in making the best allocation of resources. The extent to which the capital budgeting plays a significant role within the firm is fit(p) by the following factorsThe capital budgeting process must take into consideration the nature of investment proposals, for example, mutually exclusive or independent proposals. Individual proposals are those which are calculated individually and more than hotshot proposal can be accepted or rejected.There are a number of capital budgeting techniques that firms can employ. These techniques do not always lead to the same accept-reject decision, thus it is essential to make a decision of what a good capital budgeting technique looks like. A perfect Capital Budget technique should beThere are two types of capital budgeting techniques namely sophisticated techniques and unsophisticated techniques. Although both the techniques use cash flows as their initial point to get to the result from which the ultimate decision can be taken, the main difference between the two is that sophisticated techniques take time value of money into calculate whereas the same is not in case of unsophisticated techniques. Sophisticated techniques include

Lost In the Mall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lost In the prom - Essay ExampleThis paper stresses that the old Chicago abide office was designed by Graham, Anderson, Probst & sinlessness in 1921. The nine story tall building was always bustling with activity but in that respect were many problems that surrounded it.As the study outlines Franzen begins the story of Lost in the Mall with a hypothesis which is a good direction for any novelist to conduct his inquiry. The main goal he had in soul was to crack open the scandal of the Chicago Post Office. The hypothesis, on which Franzen bases his story, is the notoriety of the goings on in the post office. He decries the way it worked because it had earned the name of being the largest postal system in the world, but til now the post office was considered the worst in postal deliveries and attends and at one time, it almost came to a virtual halt, as the system got clogged with about 10 million mails when they experienced a logjam. The categorization method had failed misera bly and was not capable of keeping up with the demand. It was this notorious incident that triggered a abundant scale investigation which in turn called for a total reorganization of the Postal system in Chicago. The old building had to be vacated when a new and modern building took its place and culminated into what is called the U.S Postal service in the year 1971.

Optical Communication and Networks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

opthalmic Communication and Networks - Essay ExampleThe concept of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and DWDM has also been introduced. Finally, the latest trends in opthalmic communication and networks are briefly explained.Optical communication system is similar to any figure of communication system, as far as the basics are concerned. The major difference in opthalmic and other communication models is the additional indispensability of a source (for conversion of signal from electrical to ocular domain), receiver (for conversion from optical to electrical domain) and use of persona as media in place of constituted copper wire or microwave. The use of glass fibre or optical fibre features a number of advantages that make it a formidable media, in comparison to others.One of the most important assets of optical communication is the availability of enormous potential bandwidth to the tune of hundreds of GHz. The potential cannot be fully harnessed owe to electrical domain l imitation. However, technologies like WDM or DWDM are evolving to optimize the available bandwidth usage. Being fabricated from glass, the fibre does no have earth loop or interface problem as are ostensible in electrical media. The optical communication is immune to interference from radio frequency and electromagnetic radiations or EMP (electromagnetic pulses) as they act as dielectric waveguides. There are practically insignificant radiations from fibre which nurture security of signal in a communication system. Other advantages include low weight, small size, flexible, reliable, substantially maintainable, low transmission losses and cost effective.The requirement for capacity is increasing at a spendthrift rate in the present day networks. Growth of worldwide web and Internet are the primary(a) causes for this increase. Every four to six months, the need is almost doubling. Available broadband access technologies like digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modems etc. provid e bandwidths of 1Mbps and 28 to 56 kbps per user, respectively. With online businesses company networks with their distant locations and the clients, the bandwidth requirement is will soon rise to level where, the only solution would remain to switch to optical networks. Optical networks can be broadly divided into two generations. The first generation optical networks were solely employ to enhance capacity to stand alone communication links while the second-generation networks encompass the issues of routing and switching.In the accompanying paragraphs we will discuss optical communication and networks with reference to the various components and devices in greater details. We shall initially cope the basic theory behind transmission, attenuation and distortion of optical signal in the fibre.Optical transmittance BasicsOptical fibre acts as a cylindrical waveguide with an inner core and outside cladding of differing refractive index as shown in Figure 1, core refractive index universe greater than clad refractive index. The light traverses in the core as well as in the cladding. To illustrate the transmission of light, lets consider ray theory.Figure 1 Structure of optical fibre (adopted from Senior, whoremaster M.)The refractive index of