SOC 1010-002- homework3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SOC 1010-002- homework3 - Essay ExampleThere were certainly grammatical gender variations in terms of how women and men justified their smoking, as we will return to.Without exception, every single soul who did non smoke did not think it was good for their health. But of the 8 people who did smoke, about half-dozen express it was good for their health. Only one said that they thought the whole cancer thing was exaggerated. The reprieve offered various rationalizations for why it made sense in their life.One of the women said that they used it to control the accentuate from work and a new baby. They said that they knew smoking would lower their life expectancy in commonplace but they wanted to be able to manage the stress of their job without taking it out on their child, their coworkers or their boyfriend.Two of the men also offered stress control as a reason, saying that during a smoke break, they were able to calm down, focus and prepare for the rest of the day. For these me n, smoke and coffee were inextricably tie in Both mentioned a smoke, coffee and lunch break as their daily work ritual.One of the women said that they had been told that they looked sexy when they smoked and it stuck with them. For them, the health derives of being more attractive were worth the cost of the smoking. Its like botulinum toxin A, she said.Finally, one man used smoking because he often had nausea and irritable bowel and effectuate that cigarettes helped his symptoms. He only smoked four times a day, to stave off nausea and let him eat. He found that the cost of of the cigarettes, which he already noticed in decreased lung capacity, were worth the benefit of being able to eat and being able to be around people without being humiliated.Obviously, at that place needs to be a larger sample size 30 people is just not large enough to make any real conclusions. The most promising data came from the qualitative doubtfulness at the end. In addition, I was able only to targe t students. Getting older smokers who might

The Rise of a Successful Turkish National Movement Essay

The Rise of a Successful Turkish National style - Essay ExampleAccording to Shaw, during that period, the Empire gained first control over one of its conquered land know as the Anatolian peninsula. The comforter Empire was recognized as one of the successful and powerful states in the institution due to a chain of reasons including military tactic and the collapse of the Byzantium Empire.Nevertheless, during the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire succumbed to war. This crocked nation was overpowered and reduced to be the land of Turkey. The Empire signed Armistice of Mudros on October 30, 1918, to call polish off the war, due to the fear of losing everything. Their decision had repercussions since the empire lost control over its Middle Eastern territories to France and Britain under the Sevres treaty. After the downfall of the empire, the Turks began the Turkish national crusade, led by Mustafa Kemal since other countries came up with their new territories. This was a result of the occupations of Izmir and Istanbul along with the invading Greek, French, and British. They declined to acknowledge the government in Istanbul and the invading forces. The movement also came up with a peoples army, defending the empire from intruders like the Greeks, French, and Italian.Atatrk led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence. He tactically defeated the forces sent by the allies since he had established a strong provisional government in Ankara, which was loyal to him. His planned military campaigns emancipated his country to emerge as an independent state. As an aficionado of the age of Enlightenment, he transformed the former Ottoman Empire into a democratic, modern, and secular state. The principles of Ataturks reforms that led to the establishment of Turkey are known as Kemalism.

Gross Domestic Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gross Domestic Product - undertake ExampleThe dependent variable used for this study is the Gross domestic product (gross domestic product) of the United soil (UK). GDP is an important measure for any country because it represents the healthiness of its economy. It is calculated by summing the market look upon of all goods and services produced within this economy. The percent multifariousness in GDP is used to measure the harvest-feast in the economy during the specified period. GDP is measured in real prices in order to rent the effect of flash.The data for the GDP for the UK is extracted from the Economic Trend Annual Supplement (ETAS) database. ETAS is released yearlyly from British character of national statistics (ONS). It contains a summary of the United Kingdom (UK) stinting accounts. Field number 2.1A is selected from the database which contains the time serial publication of GDP chained volume measures which is referenced by the variable ABMI. These values argon sea sonally adjust to represent the period from 1948 to 2005. Annually linked and weighted chain volume measures better highlight changes in GDP than constant price values. This is because take account of year-to-year changes (Aspden & Person 2000).Figure 1 shows little change from year to year in UK GDP. Therefore the percent change from year-to-year is computed and replaces by the real values of annual GDP. The percent change in the British GDP (appendix B) is shown in the sideline figureFigure 2 Percent Change in UK GDP from 1948 to 2005Figure 2 amplifies the changes and highlights that occurred during the period of the study. It shows periods when GDP positively change magnitude or negatively decreased which were not visible in figure 1. From the above graph the following years experienced major increase in the British GDP 1973 (7.1%), 1964 (5.5%), 1960 (5.3%), 1988 (5%). The following years to a fault experienced the most decrease in GDP values 1980 (-2.1%), 1981 (-1.5%), 1991 ( -1.4%), 1974 (-1.4). 3. Econometric ModelRegression is considered as a special case of econometric modeling (Wang & Jain 2003). Theory suggests that GDP growth is positively related to inflation and negatively related to unemployment and real interest rates (RIT). The following relevances of these three variables are explored in the following sections.3.1 The relevance of Inflation in predicting GDPThe relationship between inflation and GDP is a very delicate relationship and still causes practically controversy in both possible action and empirical findings (Hossain & Chowdhury 1996). Mallik & Chowdhury (2001) examined the long-run and short-run dynamics of the relationship between GDP and inflation. They found that inflation and economic growth are positively related on the long run. They also found that inflation is more sensitive to changes in growth rates than that of growth rates to changes in inflation. Thus moderate inflation is good for growth but fast economic growth fe eds back into inflation. Thus too much GDP growth would accelerate inflation rates, which would decrease the value of money more than the value gained by GDP and even more taking the economy downhill as verified by Bruno and east (1998).3.2

How do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among Dissertation

How do diabetes focussing teams increase patient concordance among type 2 diabetics - oration ExampleHow do diabetes management teams increase patient concordance among type 2 diabetics a Literature Review Douglas M Vergne Dissertation submitted as part of the requirements for the award of MSc Advanced Practice University of Dundee, June, 2013. ... M Vergne 070017010, am declaring that I am the sole author of this dissertation that the work has not previously been accepted as part of some(prenominal) other degree submission that all references cited amaze been consulted that I have conducted all the work of which this is a record, and that the finished work contains (21844) words with allowable exclusions. Date 1-13-2012 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Scoring dodge for Study Validity p. 21 Table 2 Results of the Review p. 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my family for giving me the support need to see me through this challenge. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my mentors here at s chool, for their patience guidance, confidence and encouragement. I hope this will make you proud. Of course, I will never forget my friends, for being with me through thick and thin, through happiness and sadness, and to achievements and trials. PERMISSION TO COPY The School of Nursing & Midwifery keeps electronic copies of all get the hang Dissertations. An important think for this is that the University library no longer stores hard bound copies of Masters Dissertations. This means that they are no longer available in the public domain for future students should they longing to access them. We would wish to make the Dissertations of Masters Graduates available to future students by placing a range of examples from previous students on My Dundee. We may elect to use your Dissertation as one of the examples. Note that your name will be remote from the dissertation should we choose to use it, so you will not be identifiable. However, you do not have to agree to this if you do not wish to, without giving a reason and without any negative consequence. It is for this reason that we are inviting you to choose one of the two following options. OPTION A By

Psychology life span develpement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

psychological science life span develpement - Essay ExampleThese both principals ar the real and operation. Real intelligence entails things that ar being defined and also inquired the true nature. On the other hand, operational intelligence is computable. There are several theories of intelligence that have been there to try and explain and measure how smart genius lavatory be. A majority of intelligence theories have been criticized over time thus causing them to either reject this criticism or failing to work by lack of basis to substantiate their viability over time. The unlike types of intelligent theories that exist contradict with each other or with at least one former theory. This is evident in the sense that they tend to own different assumption and perspective when it comes to each opinion approach. The first theory of intelligence is the Faculty theory. This theory has been listed as the oldest in terms of its nature of intelligence. In addition, this theory flouri shed in the 18th and 19th century (Tugoy, 2003). This theory reasons that mind is made up of various faculties which are memory, imagination, reasoning, and discrimination. Despite the fact that this faculties are mugwump of each other, with vigorous training this faculties can or may develop. However this theory has been under pressure of criticism by psychologists who object that the brain has independent faculties. Another theory of intelligence is one cypher or UNI factor theory. This theory moderates only abilities into a single one of either common sense or general intelligence. This theory tries to suggest how all abilities are perfectly linked and therefore not allowing for any room for the uneven individuals (Sternberg, 2000). This theory lacks believability as it tends to go against the notion that every person has his or her own abilities that are distinct to that of some other person and thus making every individual to shine differently in all aspects of life. inclin e Psychologist Charles Spearman developed Spearmans two-factor theory in 1904. He suggested that two factors comprise the intellectual abilities of each person. unrivaled of these factors is the common ability or general ability, which is also known as G factor. The second factor is a group of specific abilities also referred to as the S factor. The G factor is an inborn adroitness which leads to a fruitful life of an individual whereas, the S factor is unique factor that is developed from the surroundings. In addition, these factors are distinct from each other in an individual level. The list of theories of intelligence is long and more theories continue to emerge as time goes on. So far, two factor theory of Spearman is the best. This theory involves two factors as its name implies. These factors are general factors and the specific factors. This theory is free from much criticism because it is average in its details. It is true when one says that success is earned through e ffort and according to this theory success in any field very much depends on specific factor which is essentially learned. In addition, every individual is features are different from the other in their own unique way. This theory tries to part on that subject and explains that every individual is distinct in his or her mental performance and one can never be perfect in all that he or she does. For example a person who excels in English might be poor in mathematics or sciences. In this context, I believe that this theory of intelli

M10 clean energy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

M10 clean energy - Assignment modelProjects such as CCPI-1 and CCPI-2 have demonstrated significant mercury removal, reduced sulfur and nitrogen emission, by-product utilization, carbon dioxide capture, and improved efficiency (Leonard, 2008). Clean coal technology has not yet resulted in what would be termed as clean energy because it still releases carbon dioxide among other harmful particulate matter into the surround. akin of other fogey fuels such as diesel, coal releases sulfur and nitrogen gases as well as release of chemicals such mercury during its mining into the environment (Leonard, 2008). Such chemicals have negative pollute the environment leading to detrimental effect on the living things. However, biodiesel produced from biological waste has limited negative intrusion on the environment because it produces relatively reduced greenhouse gases. In this case, biodiesel can be termed as a cleaner source of energy compared to coal energy. Our dependency on fossil fuels can be troubled track through determination of the rate of developing and using alternative sources of energy such as biodiesel and solar energy. The use of renewable sources of energy can clearly depict our dependence on fossil fuels such as oil and

The Effect of Class Size on Student Achievement Dissertation

The Effect of Class Size on savant Achievement - Dissertation ExampleTherefore, it can be said that, though no significant coition of the class size to student success has been found, a little size of the class is preferred by people involved in the learning process. This can be explained by the fact that a smaller number of students hands it easier for a teacher to work with the group. In addition, students feel more comfortable emotionally and psychologically when studying in a smaller class. However, it should be mentioned that the limitations of the research do not allow to make any categorical or ultimate claims. First of all, the number of sample groups is not large plenteous to reach the statistically significant research results. Secondly, due to a great number of variables, such as differences in students prior intimacy, educational and social background, as well instructors teaching experience, no statistically grounded leaning can be drawn out of the research. Furth ermore, another limitation of the study is that there is no knowledge of how the same student would perform in a differently sized type of a class. Therefore, a greater and longer research should be carried out in order to give a definite answer to the question of whether class size influences students academic performance. It would be assumed that the opening would have to be rejected. The majority of the people were strongly for reducing class size. It was proven in many a(prenominal) studies that the overall progress of students, including achievement levels, did improve in smaller classes. So, the literature review suggests that the hypothesis should be rejected. However, the results of the carried out by me research have shown different results, which, actually, can be used to support the hypothesis. Still, as the analysis of the research suggests, the amount of data received does not allow making any statistically grounded claims. Although I do believe that Grant County high school teachers and students could benefit from a reduction in

HR contributes at SYSCO Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

HR contributes at SYSCO - Case Study ExampleThe same human resource orifice play a key role in improving work place safety, as surface as save on the amounts of compensation that employees ask for.The market driven approach also has administrative roles in the preservation of entrepreneurial independence. This is concerning the issue of maintaining freedom in regional operation offices where practices elicit be sold to the offices. This can be done by convincing the managers and members of staff to adopt the said practices by evaluating the usefulness and suitability, as well as conflicts with standard operational standard in a region.Factors in human resource management influencing employee compensation include the use of survey data. This cuts back compensation claims by up to 30%. This is through interventions by human resource strategists to increase safety. In terms of employee turnover, it can be increased by applying programs and services based on data collected from manage rs and employees through surveys. This itinerary output increases and cuts costs use in employee recruitment and training. In addition, the use of incentives and employee retention increased employee turnover, which in turn, translates to customer satisfaction. This works together with the experienced employees with better knowledge of operations and products of SYSCO thus improved employee

A job application letter, a resume,a cover letter Assignment

A pipeline application letter, a resume,a cover letter - Assignment Examplenal potentials housing facility is not available, the duty hours are 40 hours of work per week, and possible overtime may be required depending upon pick out basis and there is no drug test required for the job however the government would begin a background check. Occasional travel may be required for training purposes.According to the job description the bay windowdidate has to perform several duties these duties include to asses patient care need and to adjust the provide appointments accordingly, to assess the opportunities of improvement, serves on committee and to review and revise nursing policies, must participate in business solving, develop plans for the care of patients, formulate nursing intervention based on their identification of the diagnosis, consult with health care professional on patients to coordinate the diagnosis, must be able to promote harmonious environment, initiates treatments and mediations based on appropriate utilization of standing orders, must be able to operate specialized equipments, maintains professional knowledge through continuing education and must be able to perform other related duties assigned.I see learning and expanding my learning to the world around. I believe in helping humans and ensuring that I do something creative with my life so that I can be able to serve valet and the environment around. Life is about giving and I want to get so that I can give.I am writing to you with respect to your job announcement titled Clinical Nurse at PHS Indian Health Hospital in Pipe Ridge, South Dakota, USA. I have been working as a Nurse with USA Memorial Hospital for the past 8 years and over the 8 years I have been awarded 3 times as the best nurse award.I believe in providing the best of services, I am very caring towards human nature and the only dry land I opted for a nursing degree and occupation is I want to serve the mankind I want to gi ve them a source of comfort and a piece of mind. In order to get my goal I have

Annotated bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Annotated bibliography - Essay ExamplePeople in the country deeply think of and value their family backgrounds. The initiation has become globalized. Enterprises, therefore, have to deal with and interact with business partners from diverse cultures. For this reason, it is important for business persons to understand and respect their clients and partners who are from different cultures as theirs. Intercultural understanding is, therefore, very significant for the success of businesses (Aldinger and Bauernfeind 2). In regard to the contribution of family in society, the authors of the bind note that Egyptian and Ger gentleman societies are quite different, especially pertaining to concept of their cultures and forms of families. The storey of social develop manpowert in Egypt and Germany is also quite different (Aldinger and Bauernfeind 3). For instance, Egypt is historically known to be peerless of the worlds first regions to record high levels of civilization whereas Germany was still at a neolithic level of development. The society in Egypt is also Islamic whereas the one in Germany aroundly subscribes to Christian philosophies. The authors of the article point out that the differences in family and social structures, and living conditions in Egypt and Germany are as a import of the different historical development and the present environmental factors (Aldinger and Bauernfeind 4). The Egyptian society considers the family to be one of the most important institutions. In Egypt, the word family does not only represent persons who are actually related, but is employ as an expression of obstruct relationship. The whole Egyptian nation considers itself as one family, signifying their unity and close relationship through their social bindings. In Egypt, the word family is mostly used metaphorically to represent unwashed support, social cohesion and solidarity (Aldinger and Bauernfeind 5). Families in Egypt are of different social settings and models. These include rural families in the countryside, traditionally oriented families in the city, and modern families in the cities. Rural families in Egypt live in the countryside. Members of such families ordinarily believe in hard physical work, to which all family members participate in (Aldinger and Bauernfeind 6). Many hands are required to achieve all the work required to survive. For this reason, children are also involved in the labor. The affect fact is that many of us may pity these children, yet, they consider themselves adults and do not mind working. conventional families in the cities take up almost the same characteristics as rural families. In both types of families, men are responsible for the finances of their families. Modern families in the cities are quite different from the traditional families. Members of these families appear themselves as intellectual and sophisticated. Individual family members also embed themselves with close circle of friends. The one fa ctor that system constant in all the types of families in Egypt is that it is the womans role to cater to housekeeping duties and the mans role to look for income for the family (Aldinger and Bauernfeind 6). Germans also consider the family to be the most important social institution. Differences in family structures in Egypt and Germany have been brought about by the different living conditions and societal development histories (Aldinger and Ba

Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

surroundings - Essay ExampleThough in that respect is no one ultimate source of climate change, on that point are varying contributory factors that would lead to global warming. This paper would highlight the reasons of climate change to cause a better understanding on the human contribution to climate change and the problems that arise in assessing the human contributory factors. Climate Forcing Climate forcing are contributing factors that affect changes in the climate. Such forcing processes embroil solar radiation. Since our sunlight is our primary source of energy, scientists have looked at the relation of deglaciation and solar irradiance as the cause of the heating of the estates atmosphere. But they found out that solar irradiance alone is not responsible for the violent fluctuations in temperature but may act as trigger to initiate the trend (Rapp 2008). other process that could influence prolonged changes in weather patterns are the orbital variations of the earth . Astronomers have discovered that there are changes in the earths orbit that in turn affects the distance between the sun and the earth. These changes in the orbital cycles in turn produces varying amount of solar energy that the earth receives. egg-shaped orbit of the earth is associated with prolonged warm periods while ice ages are associated with circular orbits (Gabler et al 2009). ternion is plate tectonic or the process of the vertical and horizontal movement of the earths crust. Because the earths surface has direct contact with the atmosphere and the maritimes, its evolving character has direct correlation with the incoming and trounce radiation, atmospheric circulation, ocean currents and the location of elevated terrain suitable for glaciers and ice sheets (Gornitz 2009, p.784). Another way that plate tectonic affects climate change through its process is because it has control over geochemical cycling and ocean and atmospheric objet dart (Gornitz 2009). Another c ontributing factor to climate change is volcanic activity because volcanic eruptions release mite effusions and gasses that affect atmospheric composition i.e. volcanic ash and sulphur-rich gasses. Strong volcanic eruptions could substantially affect the ascorbic acid dioxide composition of the atmosphere. The 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines have helped in significantly cooling down the earths atmosphere for instance (Letcher 2009). Fifth, climate forcing is the ocean variability. Despite the very limited measurements and studies conducted with regards to understanding variability of ocean circulations and ocean processes, there are enough oceanographic evidence to suggest that the irregular distribution and flow of cool and warm sea water, combined with changes in the atmospheric pressures have long term effect in the redistribution of energy in the macrocosms oceans and even affects water salinity. This combined with transient climate events standardized El Nino could cause regional level social disruption, economic loss, and environmental degradation around the world (Kininmonth 2004, p.110). Thus, persistent anomalies would not allow for marine and other aquatic animals to fully adapt to the changes in ocean variability i.e. temperature, salinity, current flow (Kininmonth 2004). Problems in Assessing Human Contributory Factors Despite the many climate forcing variables that could raise to climate change, it is the human influence over the environment that is the greatest force of all.

Financial Analysis for Managers DQ4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis for Managers DQ4 - Essay ExampleIn organizations, for the investors interest, teemingness in the companys working capital depicts a positive sign in making financial amendments and integrations internally and also in the market to compete other companies.After globalization, a number of companies be canvas their positions in the market by considering their past and current records and predicting their futures associated with liquidity and solvency of firms assets (Bernstein et al, 1997).Today the policy makers, especially the governments, deep observe the trends in variations of the working capital of organizations to impose rules and regulations on them. Even the investment decisions from giant companies are also based on the extent of working capital that a company possesses.Inventories act as the important assets for various businesses and they also influence the revenue generation of different companies. Inventory costs are essential to determine because it affects the income and asset levels.The net income of an organization is dependent on the inventory costs, except for the assistant organizations, as the net income is directly linked with the costs of goods sold. Inventory costs can be categorise in two ways.

Milton Babbitt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Milton Babbitt - Essay Example such a composer creates a commodity that has negative market value and is little performed.A condition of melodious and societal isolation is created which gives the composer an advantageous position to forward his unison. It also results in the creation of new unison. The music employs a tonal quality that is more efficient than its derivatives. The increase of meaningful pitch materials and the functions associated with the musical position would be multiplied. Each event is located in a five dimensional musical billet that is determined by pitch-class, register, dynamic, duration and timbre. Musical compositions under discussion possess a high head of contextuality and autonomy. The principles of relatedness which determines the coherence of continuity are more likely to evolve in the course of the work rather than from generalized assumptions.In many fundamental respects this music is new. It represents a vast appurtenance of the methods of other music. Such rooted composition elicits comparable knowledge and experience from the listener. A listener leave alone be puzzled and bored by such a composition. This is understandable but what is undesirable is the displacement of this boredom into resentment. Advanced music reflects the knowledge and originality of the composer. It can scarcely be expected to appear apparent to a person whose musical knowledge is less than extensive. A person with limited knowledge of music is non capable of understanding advanced music just as a layman is non equipped to make sense out of advanced mathematical theories.Circularity seems to be the norm where critique is concerned and personal tastes are converted based on general principles. For most critics, the music they abominate is not music and if they do not like the music of certain composers, then they are not composers. Therefore passing judgment or criticism on music is best left to schoolmaster journals. The music critic u nderstands that

Meet Your Rep - Columbus, Ohio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

fiddle Your Rep - Columbus, Ohio - Essay ExampleAs the representative for Ohio, he believes that proper delivery of education to the everyday is the way to deliver sustainable development. Pat Tiberi is a son of Italian immigrants and this reputes that his background is economically humble. According to his website, he and his siblings attended public school and this has created a passion for proper public education. However, even though he has these ideas, implementing such ideas is made harder because of the structure of the government, where the presidents office is the one that creates cipher estimates and also indirectly controls the funding methods (GAO, 2012).Pat is a partisan politician and this may reflect in the way he looks at issues. Coming from a middleclass background may mean that he depends on sponsors for his political campaigns and this may also affect the way he represents the people. Campaign money from sponsors may mean that he is subject to manipulation by t he sponsors and this may mean that he is not well pore or that he may support political causes just to satisfy the sponsors. This can be seen in his disagreement with the Obamacare health plan and support for Medicare even though years of history suggest that Medicare was not working to provide good healthcare to the people of the United soils of America.GAO. (2012, September 25). An Overview of Federal Funding Levels and Selected Challenges. Retrieved February 07, 2013, from Grants to State and Local Governments

The Disagreement on Human nature among the Greatest Philosophers Article

The unlikeness on Hu composition record among the Greatest Philosophers - Article ExamplePlato gave his Allegory of the Cave explaining this habitual spirit (Soccio 141). A man lives all his life in a cave, he considers his environment as the alone reality as if nothing exists outside of it. On exposing him to the sunlight, this person thinks he is dreaming, that the fresh air, green grass, and the apprisal birds are hallucinations. The habitual nature of human is Platos version. Aristotle and Kant, on the other hand, focused more on how humans should behave the maxim behind e truly action. Aristotle gave two levels of human behavior the one where he only acts like a man and the other where he acts as if there is a miraculous spirit within him, thus achieving a life higher than mere human nature (Aristotle 191). This is very different from Platos narrative because Kant implies that man by nature is evil or corrupt then he has to conform to the moral law in order to live a bet ter life. He is not simply a product of its environment, he is inherently corrupt. It is hard to pick one supposition and reject the other. It will also be negating the introduction that there is no absolute truth or knowledge. In Kants theory, there is space for spirituality. There must be divine authority overseeing mans activities. Plato, on the other hand, is more supportive of nurture as opposed to nature. Kant considers human nature as a composition of feelings, one relation and cognition, and these aspects are governed by a priory prescribed by a higher cognitive power (Frierson 13) Descartes is also in agreement with Kant that there is a divine authority. And hence man has a defined nature. Ren Descartess held anti-elitist and egalitarian views on human nature (Lopston 24). It also implies that considering this present one has to accept that humans have been created as part of a grand design.

Economic Policy Essay Example for Free

Economic form _or_ system of regime EssayThe essence of economic indemnity in the subjects of urban lodgment, urban education, and urban holdation in the United States National Government is cored on the achievement of distribute targets. Boosting its mart efficiency and redistribution of bring out and services grounded on cosmos values be its primary rice beer (Feldstein, 1999). These economic policies make up a part of the body of agenda. These are of regulated policies prepared by the Federal Reserve System headed by the President of the United States of America and the legislative branch of political science (Poole 1999). Body At the outset, economic policies are decisions. President Harry Truman was a decision maker of the k promptlyledge base in his time (Mankiw, 1998). He menti one and only(a)d of his need to decree one-armed economist (Mankiw 1998). This is a manifestation that the archetype of economic information is ambivalent (Mankiw, 1998). Decisions ar e taken initially based on individual principles of change offs in efficiency and equity, cost of something versus opportunity cost, marginal changes to a plan, and response of people to trade offs (Mankiw, 1998).Subsequently, social interactions principles are considered based on trade, markets, and governmental market polity (Mankiw, 1998). Finally, res macrocosmaal economy is considered upon the principles of production of goods and services, inflation, and tradeoff between inflation and unemployment (Mankiw, 1998). Three of the economic policies Of the United States of America National Government are in the areas of urban housing, urban education, and urban transportation. These are parts of the regulated competitive industries (Feldstein, 1999).The urban housing policy covers private and social benefits of homeownership (Haurin, 2003). Bush said, homeownership is the core American values of individuality, thrift, responsibility, and self-reliance (Haurin, 2003). It repre sents a pathway to experience and prosperity for many families, encourages values of responsibility and sacrifice, creates stability for neighborhoods and communities and generates economic growth that helps streng past the entire nation (Haurin, 2003) Dietz and Haurin (2003) however showed that 25% more of spouses in owner-occupied households work or are employed.They also use up to face up to inevitable tax revenues through owe deductions (Haurin, 2003). While the data presumes that the rest of the macrocosm in owner-occupied households does non work, this would mean, this group is above average income in the strata of society. The next issue then is to know why were governmental supports for homeownership projects in the scale of billions of dollars far exceeded expenditure on education (Haurin, 2003) when most homeowners realise beyond workers financial capabilities. Were the determinants of families becoming homeowners covered by public policy (Haurin, 2003)?What economic public policy would justify lumping up of burdens on homeowners who are mere workers? What economic public policy would explicate governmental support to boost the status of those who can afford a home? Would this public policy be in consistent with the targets of government as pronounced by the President? Enhancement of market efficiency is focused on developing performances of industries by eliminating anticompetitive elements providing consumer protection resembling making informed choices achievable and ensuring product cost would include externalities (Feldstein 1999).While redistribution of resources and services anchored on the policy of collecting higher taxes from those who win more to provide for those who earn less (Feldstein 1999). These policies however are often influenced by international institutions like the International Monetary Fund or World Bank as well as political beliefs and the consequent policies of parties. Housing Policy for example is usually analyz ed in economic industry, as a form of market. Market leads to efficient allocation through a intricate process of matching supply and demand.This depends on competition, good information, the existence of multiple suppliers, and the existence of different multiple purchasers. At the lines of the 21st snow the demographical changes in the United States shaped housing consumption (Masnick, 1990). This is marked though by the big difficulty in urban housing policy which became inadequate for the increased proceeds of houses contendd to support increase population (Masnick, 1990). The number of homeless people is constantly increasing annually (Masnick, 1990).Homelessness became a very complex problem (Masnick, 1990). This means, if there were not enough places for people to live, then there are really those who does not have any shelter of their own (Masnick, 1990). The housing market bloated beyond previous policy allocations (Masnick, 1990). As a consequence, those who were not originally included generally became the myopicest constituents of society (Masnick, 1990). Subsequent to demographical changes is the alternative of the homeless to find shelter in temporary shanties on unoccupied lands (Dunleavy, 1981).This led to problems of land entitlements (Dunleavy, 1981). Squatters over time on squatted settlements build more stable houses (Dunleavy, 1981). Homelessness often led to development of individual characteristics such as alcoholism, psychiatrical illness, unemployment, and marital breakdown (Dunleavy, 1981). The situation is further aggravated by the decrease in privately possess housing programs (Dunleavy, 1981). The local governmental systems then were obligated to absorb the market (Dunleavy, 1981). As it turned out, it is cheaper to misdirect houses than to rent (Dunleavy, 1989).Housing conditions in many cities which were particularly unsatisfactory being old and in poor condition were improved (Dunleavy, 1989). Looking back, series of policies since the late 1960s focused on the problems of deprivation in inner city areas (Dunleavy, 1989). Much of the concern was with the inner cities growth which was an attempt to produce an acceptable racial policy. Despite this, ethnic minorities have had no proportionate share of resources from policies for the inner cities (Dunleavy, 1989).However, local government economic policies today are more focused, and greatly in consistent with constant changes in the societal demographics heedless of ethnicity (Gabriel, 1990). Another consideration however must be made. This is because of the limited availability of affordable rental units, mortgage finance, reduced housing and income assistance to very low income populations, problems of public housing, low income housing preservation, issues of equal opportunities in housing and housing finance market (Gabriel, 1990).Thus it could be said that housing trends are demonstrable largely because of statistical increase in the number of people as well as their movements for movement inevitably (Masnick, 1990). The individual household needs were then used as the foundation for the modification of housing policy. This is in addition to the different economic changes which were built-in, in the shifting demographic landscape (Masnick, 1990). In the area of education, improvements must be made in urban education policy (Hess, 2001).Urban districts are now facing hazardous problems in educating young people because of the lack of support from the local government (Hess, 2001). many another(prenominal) buildings in urban public checks are very old (Hess, 2001). Because of this, despite the big number of public schools in the United States, only one-fourth of the countrys students are attending the classes throughout districts (Hess, 2001). These are the main problems of the district official in the urban public area (Hess, 2001). They are unable to observe with the needs of their student population Hess, 2001) . The rates of dropout students are also increasing (Hess, 2001).The urban education policy that would most likely fit implementation impart be one that is site-based management throughout the district (Hess, 2001). This will allow officials and teachers at the school level to focus more on the specific needs of the students (Hess, 2001). Educational reform efforts and policy initiatives are now under way that shows commitment in modify the quality of education. It will include the proper raising of the student outcomes in the urban districts (Hess, 2001). A depict issue though in urban education policy is the potential impact of market-based reforms (Hess, 2001).It will require more than the cover of additional money in improving the quality of urban education (Hess, 2001). Allocations of school bills must be centered on the functions of instruction, administration, operations, and maintenance of close to the same statistical number of clients (Picus, 1996). Urban transportat ion policies must likewise be modified as societal demographics evolved (Norton, 1955-1970). Many states have still no urban freeways (Norton, 1955-1970). The ever increasing numbers of privately owned cars warrants improvement in policies (Norton, 1955-1970).Evolving Americans have to face up to transport problems in the cities (Norton, 1955-1970). The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944 made a beginning at bringing highways to the city (Barranda, 2004). It set aside 25 percent of federal highway funds for urban projects and called for the designation of a National System of Interstate Highways (Barranda, 2004). Although funding of these projects in the late forties and early 1950s was at more than two and a half times the prewar levels, enumerate annual federal highway appropriations remained a half billion dollars or less (Barranda, 2004).The problem was that fleck government and industry both wanted highways, neither wanted to foot the bill (Barranda, 2004). Industry unconnected excise taxes and tolls, while government opposed special bond issues and debt increases (Barranda, 2004). Divisions between pro-highway industries impeded their ability to antechamber for an effective highway program (Barranda, 2004). However, eventually, the highway system that the government-industry partnership built was urban (Barranda, 2004).The unique floor of private participation in U. S. ransportation policymaking, and a federal policy treated all transportation problems as matters for highway engineers to solve (Barranda, 2004). In 1954, President Eisenhower suggested that metropolitan area over-crowding be solved by a grand plan for a properly articulated highway system (Larsen, 1995). In 1956, the plate Committee on Public Works urged drastic steps, warning that otherwise traffic jams will concisely bring down our growing economy (Larsen, 1995). The demise of the highways-only policy stemmed also from serious flaws in the policy itself (Larsen, 1995).At the end of W orld War II, the federal government began a significant intercession in urban transportation (Larsen, 1995). It was one which had increased to enormous proportions by 1960 (Larsen, 1995). But the funds were provided only when for the construction of urban highways (Larsen, 1995). Thus, urban transportation systems necessarily became imbalanced in favor of automotive transport (Larsen, 1995). Even the automotive transport systems were imbalance too (Larsen, 1995). Inequality was brought about by the ways in which federal dollars were allocated (Larsen, 1995).For example, while newfound freeways were providing automobiles unprecedented ease of access to cities, substantially, less federal allocations was provided for the downtown streets that had to fag the increased load (Larsen, 1995). No budgets were also allocated to provide the record numbers of cars for parking areas (Norton, 1955-1970). The US new urban transportation policy serves greater idea in resolving congestion probl ems in the cities (Barranda, 2004). Highway-Only Policy is one of those new integrated ideas (Barranda, 2004). Industry, not government, took the initiative in proposing that highways go downtown (Barranda, 2004).Eisenhowers coalition was composed of industries associated with the highway problem and interested in highway development, in the words of the Clay Committee newspaper publisher (Barranda, 2004). Although the Clay Committee conferred with the American Railway Association in drafting its report, this group was the only one of twenty-two trade organizations consulted which had an interest in rail transport (Barranda, 2004). Fourteen of the groups consulted were expressly concerned with roads (Barranda, 2004). But these industries were not simply developing a highway policy (Barranda, 2004).This is their foundation in creating a new national transportation policy (Barranda, 2004). However, many cities in the United States have recently built light-rail systems to combat co ngestion problems and at the same time avoid pollution (Barranda, 2004). To some critics oppose this policy is not fit because of the function in some small downtown areas (Barranda, 2004). The application of this light-rail however, after its almost universal domination in the 20th century is one of the greatest twists in transportation history. This application policy is an exclusive idea whose time appears to have come (Barranda, 2004).Local government now hopes that the light-rail will gain moderate transportation that will reduce the traffic problems around the country (Barranda, 2004). Fighting congestion was the main rationale for making American highways enter cities to a degree unmatched elsewhere in the world (Barranda, 2004). The consequences of the improved policies ultimately transformed U. S. urban transportation system (Barranda, 2004). Critics of the policy, in government, and outside of the government circles achieved broad bases of support by confronting this probl em (Barranda, 2004).Expertise in urban transportation matters, which had been the exclusive scene of action of highway industry, emerged in other institutions, both governmental and private (Barranda, 2004). The road builders promises to end congestion, to keep downtowns resilient visibly failed to pan out (Barranda, 2004). In brief, the vigor of the government-industry partnership that brought the freeways into the cities did not last, but is envisioned to gun trigger interest on alternative prospective partners (Barranda, 2004). ConclusionThe basic portfolio principles of economics provides conceptual structures underlining maintenance of flexibleness of economic policies whether it is in housing, education, or transport, or even in prices where speculators are left with the liberty to manage and give value to market stocks so long as it is in spite of appearance the economic parameters of the United States of American government, its Federal Reserve System, its legislature a s well as its executive governmental administrators that works within the framework of Federal Democracy.

New Religions Essay Example for Free

New Religions Essay position essay studies how new pietys are born in the context of social, cultural and intellectual dealings among people. The analysis addresses the origins of three Abrahamic godlinesss Christianity, Judaism and Islam to trace their origins, historical and social needs that drove their development and intrinsic ties with their predecessors. The thesis is defended that the parturition of religions should non be regarded as merely divine providence, intellectual development, but should be understood through the prism of socio-political developments in a given society. The origins of ChristianityChristianity was not born as fully independent religion, but in contrast was under a great influence of Judaism (Brown, 963). This influence relates to the same canonic ghostly texts, including Old Testament, monotheism etc. Hence, Christianity was born simultaneously as a follower and opponent to Judaism. in that location is no denying the importance of the fact that social roots of Christianity should be traced in Jewish revolutionary military campaign against Judaist aristocracy, living in wealth and oppressing lower classes and Roman dominance, which was particularly aggressive.In its intellectual roots early on Christianity focused on critique of material goods, which is reflected in its celebration of soul, love and salvation. Such ideology was particularly successful amongst ordinary people, who saw Christianity as the source of their liberation (Bruce, 235). However, notwithstanding these social roots, Christian religion was for a long time persecuted in Judea and Roman empire in general. It did not function as state religion until AD 325 when the First Council of Nicaea took place and Constantine the Great made his historical decision.Until that time Christianity functioned in spite of appearance different sects, which focused on often contradictory interpretations of playscript, Greek philosophy, Gnosticism, Judaism etc (Grant, 45). Therefore, establishing Christianity as a full-fledged religion required its ascendance in the role of state religion and codification of its introductory legacy. The task was complete by St. Paul, who transformed the earlier premises of Christianity and made them affordable to interpretation by state power. unhomogeneous Christian Councils later codified Christian texts and interpreted them to create unified traditions. Other interpretations of Christianity were persecuted by authorized Christianity, which marked the final stage in its transformation into full-fledged religion. Judaism The historical roots of Judaism should be traced thorn in the social need of Judea state to legitimize and develop its national autonomy in the antiquated world (Shaye and Cohen, 36-39). The proof of the latter thought may be make in Tanakh (Old Testament), a canonical text of Judean tradition.Old Testament presents a Jewish nation (Childern of Israel) in their direct relationship with God, who proclaimed them the chosen nation. The latter shows that Judaism was central for Judea in positioning itself as the most progressive state in the Middle Eastern region. The historical origins of Judaism should also be traced in the need of regulating social relations in Judean society. This is the most diaphanous in commandments or Law of Moses, which includes 613 laws, regulating various spheres of life in society.Hence, there is no denying the importance of the fact that Judaism was a very important ethical, legislative and moral jibe in ancient Jewish society. Its main principles were later included in Talmud, which became the prototype of religious legislative system in general. Notwithstanding the fact that Judaism was the first monotheistic religion it was influenced by some ancient religions such as Zoroastrianism, from which Judaism borrowed certain cult practices, monotheistic ideas and philosophical mindset (Shaye and Cohen, 295).The ties of Judaism are al so evident with Christianity and Islam, which form the group of common Abrahamic religions. Islam Islam has its historical roots both in Judaism and Christianity. As it is widely known, Islam uses Christian tradition of preaching Jesus however, unlike Christianity in Muslim tradition, Jesus is regarded as a finite person (Esposito, 23). Muhammad, the final prophet of God is regarded as a great reformer, who restored the original monotheistic tradition of Moses, Jesus and Abraham, which arguably was distorted in Christianity and Judaism.Therefore, it may be said that Islam is based on permanent wave reference to Judaism and Christianity, as the sources of its own development. The birth of Islam was also fostered by the ethical, intellectual and moral needs of Arab societies. al-Quran may be compared to Torah in this respect, because it served as the main tool for regulating social relations in Muslim societies. Its main commandments were included in Shariat law, which reflects Musl im tradition of correspondence between law and religious norms.Moreover, it should be noted that Islam was born and developed in the period of the rapid ascendance of Arab civilization as the center of power and development in Asia (Esposito, 68). Arab conquests and interrelations with the West were premised on the construction of the national and religious identity, which was found in Islam. Islam served as the tool for contrasting Muslim world with Western and allowed unifying various Muslim nations in the single task of promoting the cause of Mohammad.To sum it up, we have discussed major historical, social, cultural and ethical causes, which influenced the birth of three Abrahamic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The analysis shows that their birth and development should be understood as the complex process, affected not only by intellectual development, but deeper social and political processes, including revolutionary movement, the inception of new nationalistic sta tes, the relations between different civilizations etc.BibliographyBrown R. E. 1994. The Death of the Messiah From Gethsemane to the Grave. New York Doubleday, Anchor Bible Reference Library. Bruce F. F. , 1988. The Canon of Scripture. Intervarsity Press. Esposito, John. 2003. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press Grant, M. 1977. Jesus An Historians Review of the Gospels. New York Scribners. Shaye, J. D. and Cohen. 1999. The Beginnings of Jewishness Boundaries, Varieties, Uncertainties, Berkeley University of California Press.

Level 3 Childcare Education Essay Example for Free

Level 3 Childcare Education EssayDescribe the initiatives which model the provision of challenging environments for children (5 marks) There are distinct types of international, national and local initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children. An example of an initiative is the timber Schools. A Forest School is an innovative educational approach to outdoor play and learning http//www. forestschools. om/what-happens-at-a-forest-school/ Forest schools sess influence the provision of a challenging environment, as the teachers can take the children in small groups every workweek to the local woodland to have a better understanding of the outdoor environment and its joined to the curriculum. By doing this it enables children to be able to be in a safe environment when exploring and having adventures so they can see what things they can do when they go into the woods next time.It can also help children with problems much(prenominal) as lang uage problems as this allows them to speak about the experience they are having which can then be taken to the classroom and then it could be turned into a story to help the child. When going into the woods it helps to cater the behaviour for the problem children and it also teaches children when they can and cant mess around.It also focuses on the fundamental aspect of the Forest School innovation educational approach. The Forest School provides ways for meeting learning objectives while developing practical life skills and encouraging child-initiated learning, which is observed and assessed. Lots of young children select to be outside than in the classroom environment because they can find it more exciting and they mogul pay more attention. Word Count- 240

Chinese Giant Salamander Essay Example for Free

Chinese monster fire hook Essay1. What role does your species realize in its ecosystem? modify mountain streams be home to the r atomic number 18 and shy Chinese giant salamander, where it has many a(prenominal) roles indoors its ecosystem. It is a symbol of a healthy freshwater ecosystem that humans and other animals depend on (McNeil, 2010). The Chinese giant Salamander is a key component of the food chain as both prey and predator. Salamanders wash up many invertebrates, making sure that the rivers and streams do not be get in everyplace populated (Mcneil, 2010). The Chinese large Salamanders ecological role is to provide aquatic animals with food when they argon young and as the salamanders grow up they become the predators and feed on the aquatic animals that once fed on them this has a positive effect on the ecosystem keeping the balance of species populations. The Chinese ogre Salamander to a fault ensures that within its ecosystem in that location is great bi odiversity (Qiang, 2009). Without the Chinese monstrosity Salamanders the ecosystems in the mountainous regions of China would be unbalanced. These salamanders accept an eventful role in showing the vast biodiversity in China and Japan and losing them decreases biodiversity. Amphibians in general are often referred to as indicator species, species that indicate environmental change and vital aspects of safe water (Qiang, 2009).On land, the amphibious serves a purpose of indicating whether the environment is healthy or not. The salamanders do this by breathing through the pores in their skin (McNeil, 2010).The Chinese Giant Salamander also belongs to the flesh-eaters, which is an substantial species for the freshwater ecosystems of mountainous areas, playing an principal(prenominal) ecological role in maintaining the balance of freshwater ecosystems of mountainous areas (Qiang, 2009). Most of the rivers where the giant salamanders live have becomes very polluted forcing the ani mals to migrate downstream to breed. Many of them die on their journey downstream or never end up visiting clean and safe water to lay their eggs. The ones that do find safe water lay their eggs and decide to return, have trouble watchting back as dams have been built or roads running straight through their path. The Chinese Giant Salamander has important signifi nominatece in discussing evolution of vertebrate from aquatic animal to terrestrial animal as it is a species that lived in the same period with dinosaur, and continuing to survive until now, it is c totallyed as living fossil (McNeil, 2010). non much is known about the salamander when it lived with the dinosaurs, as that information in still being prove out today.The Chinese Giant Salamander is just one example of the many amphibians that are vanishing pronto of the face of this earth. Without the amphibians less and less bequeath be known about the health of the environment. This species is very important to not on ly surrounding animals in their ecosystem but also to humans as the salamanders are intercourse us that it is time to change our ways because if not, they will die out. The Chinese Giant Salamander shows that whatsoever wiped out the dinosaurs wasnt strong enough to kill off all the giant salamanders. 2. What, if any efforts are being made to preserve your species outside of its natural habitat? The Chinese giant salamander is listed on Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species). Appendix I states that avocation in specimens species threatened with extinction, is permitted only in exceptional circumstances (Amphibian Species Information Chinese Giant Salamander). Unfortunately, although CITES regulates world(prenominal) trade in the species, it has no jurisdiction over the domestic trade within China which constitutes the first market. The salamander is also listed as a Class II State Major Protected Wildlife Species in China (Amphibian Specie s Information Chinese Giant Salamander). This plan is to protect the habitat of the Chinese Giant Salamander. mend it does state that the habitat will be preserved to the best extent, many people break this legality as they cut down trees to build houses. The Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander Nature Reserve is one of the largest militia offered to the salamanders (Qiang, 2009).China has already set up 22 nature reserves to protect the endangered species. These reserves aim to protect not only the animal itself but also its habitat (Creating a hereafter for Wild Chinese Salamanders). at that place are a few organizations that go out and clear the rivers of befoulment. There are currently six Giant Salamander Reserves in China that are hard to restore the salamanders population. Unfortunately, all of these reserves are affected by a shortage of funding and employees, absentminded a conservation action plan, poaching, uncertain reserve status, and a lack of protection for salamander habitat. presently the Chinese Giant Salamander has no recovery plan, but hopefully concisely one will be created. 3. What else could/should be done in your opinion?Chinese Giant Salamanders are seriously misunderstand animals. Even thoughthey are not so attractive as one might think, there is no excuse to destroy their habitats and hunt them to extinction. Many of them are being captured for illegal pets and they are being hunted for their meat which is considered a delicacy in China. Because their meat is rare it is profitable and expensive, making an liberal income for poor hunters with large families to feed. Many hunters of the Chinese Giant Salamander spread pesticides into the rivers and streams in order to get the one animal. This creates not only an inhabitable environment for the salamanders but also all the other wildlife that come to those rivers and streams. This pollution also creates unsafe drinking water in some areas as the toxins are carried downstream. In 200 4 there were 3200 larvae of Chinese Giant Salamanders, but in 2009 there were zero (Qian, 2009). This shows the enormous impact of pollution in the streams where the salamanders live. They are also hunted for their medicinal uses. In addition to being hunted, Chinese Giant Salamanders are threatened by habitat defragmentation, as China becomes grossly populated and more houses are built. It would be helpful to organize more environmental education to encourage pride in this species as it shows Chinas vast biodiversity. It would be helpful to provide better wildlife preserves for these animals.The establishment of a Chinese giant salamander education center in an area of this species range, with a captive raising facility to provide individuals for a reintroduction program, could provide a much-needed focus for active conservation and monitoring of this species (Qiang, 2009). more than organizations and funding should be provided to support the natural reserves protecting these spec ies habitats. Stricter laws and punishment for the hunting of this animal would also ensure the species population to grow. 4. From an environmental perspective, why should your animal be saved? With the absence of the Chinese Giant Salamander, we will lack another natural indicator of whether ecosystems are clean and safe. It is important to know that all amphibians, not just Chinese Giant Salamanders are indicator species. But recent studies have shown that many amphibians are becoming more and more extinct. These species not only provided indicators of the environment but they also are species that were around when the dinosaurs were here and provide a resource for more research (Thomas, 2010). This species eats all the invertebrates that can easily overpopulate an area. Without the Chinese Giant Salamanders mountainous rivers and streams will become overpopulated by many invertebrates and soon exceed the carrying capacity of the ecosystem.Threatened by factors such as habitat lo ss, disease, climate change, pollution, and invasive species and over hunting, this species faces challenges that could draw millions of years of survival to an abrupt close if nothing is done (Thomas, 2010). These species react very rapidly to environmental change and are able to give a clear response to this change, whether its dear or detrimental.Their contribution to both traditional and modern medicine has been invaluable as many species have been found to secrete and contain therapeutic compounds that can be used in the treatment of HIV, cancer, tenderness disease, diabetes, Alzheimers, strokes and depression (Meredith, 2010). These large animals need to be saved to ensure the health of the mountainous ecosystems. Without the Chinese Giant Salamander, we will have lost an indicator species, an evolutionary key species, and a valuable medicinal recipe holder.

The Treaty of Waitangi Essay Example for Free

The Treaty of Waitangi bear witnessThe historical and contemporary interpretation of the accord of Waitangi and the Doctrine of aboriginal title in New Zea record compo devolve onors persona law and statute, reflects the pattern of what Moana Jackson refers to as the colonizing context the accord itself came into being on 6th February 1840. It was subscribe between the British crown representatives and different Maori chiefs who were from the Northern North Island. With the signing of the accord, a British regulator post was established in this region and Maori passel became the British subjects. In this research paper Ill analyze the circumstances surrounding the signing of the pact, effects of the pact and mingled tribunals and cases involving the treaty. Ill also wrangle how clear understanding of the colonizing context can lead to adjustment of the constitution.The basis of Moana Jacksons bank line is as a issuance of the difference between the Britishs and M aori language with reference to the treaty of Waitangi. The interpretation between the two languages differed and so there is no agreement as to what the original treaty was because it was differently interpreted. To the British, the treaty mandated them to rule New Zealand and created the post of a curbor who was bestowed with full situations to run all in all affairs affecting this territory but on the other hand, the Maori had a different understanding. Both parties disagreed on various issues even after the treaty was signed. The treaty also gave these people the make up to brinytain their properties and land.Since the treaty was signed in 1840, the treaty was never valued and existed in darkness up to 1970s. All this clock time the courts never recognise it. It did not address their ownership rights plus they were not fairly treated by the British government.Form the 1960s up to date, the Waitangi treaty has been reviewed a number of times and so umpteen an(prenominal) problems have been brought to the light. A commission to inquire on the treaty was formed in 1975 to address the affected areas and this is what came to be referred to as the Waitangi Tribunal. It was supposed to establish and solve the breaches that were committed by the crown or by its agents.To many, the treaty is referred to as the founding document of the state of New Zealand though there are various reasons that make Moana Jackson to refer to it as a Colonizing Context and one of this reason was that, though the treaty was as a result of mutual understanding between British and Maori, the treaty was not recognized until recently when it received limited acknowledgement. In the past, the New Zealand governors and the colonial office clearly supported the treaty for it gave to rule over Maori people as well as to be the leader of New Zealand. afterward the 19th century case, the treaty was declared null and void and this meant that the treaty was not to be reward both by the g overnment and courts. This declaration was entrenched by the claim that was being advanced by the Britishs that New Zealand became a colony after the Januarys proclamation of 1840 was passed.The treaty only when worked in favor of British and Hobson apply the treaty as a pretext to claim lead of North Island. They breached the terms of agreement to the treaty and denied Maori people the ownership right of the island. They claimed that it was uninhabited when they first arrived in that region arguing that maoris population was small and sparsely distributed and this did not give them any right to do that and arguing that they Maori of that time were not organized is racism and Euro centrism.According to the doctoring of aboriginal title these people had a right to maintain their soveignity as it was something that had persisted as customary and native rights. The aboriginal title was equal to freehold ownership also meant not complete ownership. To make a valid constitution, both parties must sit down argue and reason together. The question over whether the treaty was binding or not was unconquerable over a number of court cases such as WI parata versus Bishop Wellington in 1877. In this case the judge dismissed the treaty as neither binding nor valid. In the case of Te Heuhen Tukino Vaotea partition Maori land board, the treaty was ruled to be valid in 1938 especially where it talked about the transfer of power and sovereignty but was he was quick to add that it was not what that was agreedAll dealings with the aborigines for their land must be conducted on the similar principles of sincerity, justice and good faith as must govern your transactions with them for the recognition of they must not be permitted to enter in to any contracts in which they aptitude be the ignorant and unintentional authors of injuries to them serves.The treaty according to the crown led to the establishment of fair family between the two groups. Cooperation determined the re lationship between the community and distinctive development but it should be known that there could be no cooperation without mutual understanding.The Waitangi tribunal was created under the 1975s Act of the Treaty. Its main aim was to investigate complains that were made by the Maori people on the violation of the treaty by the crown. excessively in 1988, through the amendments that were made, the tribunal was supposed to investigate whether the treaty was feasible and whether some activities that were being make by the crown were consistent with the treaty. The treaty according to Moana Jackson was a colonial context as it led the Maori not to lose land to other people except to the crown. This made British to get more and more land due to the competitive amount that they paid for a piece of land. This attracted many settlers from England for they were sure that from then the land was theirs. Thus it is evident that the treaty was a vehicle to colonization.The signing of this treaty paved way for colonization of New Zealand by Britain. They spread their destination to every facet until it became the culture of the 19th and 20th centuries. Many colonialists migrated to New Zealand after being enticed by their counterparts with pieces of land in this region. The colonialisation operate followed the views of the British governor Gibbon Wakefield who wanted the colonial settlement to emulate those in their mother country.When a large number of colonialists arrived, land started to become a scarce commodity and as a result disputes emerged over land between the local people and the Britishs. Maori became angry and started making complains over omit of adherence to the Waitangi treaty and in 1860s, the colonialists with the help of troops from Britain steadied themselves in the region by suppressing these rebellions. As wars persisted many Maori died in the process and this worked to the advantage of the colonialists who took these pieces of land.Loosing so vereignty was a big blow to the liberty of Maori. The signing of the treaty led chiefs to pass their mandate to the European authority. They were forced to do that so that they would be offered vindication and citizenship as well as duties and privileges given to the British. The Maoris were allowed to sell their land only to the British something that made other European nations to keep off.By knowing the colonizing context of this treaty, it is possible to make adjustments to the constitutional framework. beforehand any amendment is made or before a new law could be made, the impact of the same must be weighed. Because it is clear now that the treaty of Waitangi led to the alienation of land for the Maori people. Safe in this knowledge, some provisions could be passed so that this problem can be addressed so as to prevent further alienation.The findings of this research paper are that the treaty was signed on understanding that the British personnel would rule over Maori people but their rights to own properties. The British violated the contract and used it a tool for advancing their politics. All complains that were made by the Maori people should be addressed in the constitution as it is the governing body that protects the interest of all citizens. A policy like exchange land only to the British should be abolished as everybody has a right to do whatever they want.Bibliography.Adams P. 1977. sinister Necessity British Intervention in New Zealand 1830- 1847.Auckland University Press.Christchurch library. Treaty of Waitangi The Waitangi Tribunal. Accessed at http//library.christchurch.org.nz/reference/treatyofWaitangi/tribunal/ on March 28, 2008.Claudia O. 1990. An Illustrated History of the Treaty of Waitangi. Welling Allen and UnionManutukutuku T.E. 1989. Newsletter of the Waitangi Tribunal Macmillan Brown Library HD 1120.5 AL- M294Mc Neil K.1989. vernacular Law Aboriginal Title. L4NZULR 97.Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2007. Waitangi Tribunal claim Maori Language Week Retrieved at http//www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language- workweek/waitangi-tribunal-claim on Monday, March 31, 2008.Wakalahama T. 1993.A Guide to the Waitangi Tribunal. 2nd Edition. Km 78 Z7- N5328 Macmillan Brown Library.

The Murders in the Rue Morgue †a Story with Many Firsts Essay Example for Free

The Murders in the Rue morgue a Story with many Firsts EssayThe Murders in the Rue Morgue is unquestionably the first detective fiction study. This without a mistrust makes Edgar Allan Poe the father of detective crime. Poe was gifted at writing the genre of horror, mayhap because as almost say, his spiritedness had been marred by tragedy from an early age(online literature). He certainly did have a facility for telling worrying and imaginative tales, which was highlighted by his obsession with death and violence in his stories. Poe was able to backup his readers interested in his stories by not only writing of death and violence but likewise giving them mystery and a puzzle to solve. Besides being the first detective recital, The Rue Morgue is a story full of firsts it tells the first locked room mystery in which the crime takes place inwardly a room that has been locked from the inside with no other style in or out and the main(prenominal) character is the first f ictional detective. These types of mysteries are certain to keep a readers interest because it seems that there is no logical explanation. The Rue Morgue uses both the locked room mystery aspect and safekeeping the answers until the re every(prenominal)y end as interest keepers and blends them together to make one fine mystery.This story is bonny as overmuch about a mystery as it is about deductive argumentation. The characters of C. Auguste Dupin and the narrator, who is his postmate, live very secluded lives. It appears that they do not go out at all during the day but do go and entertain themselves by walking the streets of Paris at night. At an early point in the story the two men are walking when Dupin breaks the silence by a single clip commenting on the very thoughts of his partner. This small mystery intrigues Dupins companion and the reader.Dupin makes his rationalization seem so round-eyed that we all feel that we are capable of it. (Watt, Overview). The reader is c ompelled to believe that Dupin has an extraordinary power of in bundle the way he reasons his way to conclusions. He is not unlike Sherlock Holmes in this respect. Holmes is have it offn for his rationalizations and reasoning as well as his eclectic lifestyle and odd habits just as Dupin is.As a takings of fact it is said that Sir Arthur Canon Doyle was inspired by Poe and his Sherlock Holmes character is based on his detective, C.Auguste Dupin (Mansfield-Kelly, Marchino, 82) contrary Holmes, Dupin is not a detective by profession rather he is an amateur detective. He takes on the case of the murders in the Rue Morgue not for money but for his own amusement later reading about it in the paper. He feels that he is more competent than the police and that he preserve solve the crime before they can. He uses his analytical skills to deduce the solution, which we are enlightened by at the end of the story. He is keenly observant taking in every little detail of the house on the insi de and outside.Upon examining the windows in the bedroom Dupin had reasoned that the means of the murderers escape had to have been through every of the windows. As he examined more closely he discovered that they were nailed shut, or where they? One window had in fact had a nail in it, which would limit its usefulness as an escape. The other window til now had been fixed so that it could be opened by a abjure and when closed again the spring would catch and the window would look as though it was nailed shut as well.Dupin comes to the conclusion that the murdered is an orang because of his obsession with literature and books. He is familiar with the description of the orangutan from Baron Georges Cuvier who describes the animal and its strength. By knowing these characteristics he is then able to compare the devastation of the two bodies with the wild ferocity (76) of the beast. This all of course is just a wild guess on Dupins part until he places an ad in a paper calling for th e owner of an orangutan to come and claim his beast and a sailor (as he suspected) does indeed come for him.The sailor reluctantly confirms Dupins observations to be correct as he describes the heinousness of the crimes in which this orangutan committed, which was a result of being frightened by the sight of his masters whip. Poe adds a little bit of the grotesque as well. To go along with our variety discussion about gore, this could arguably be a first detective story including gore in its pages. There are numerous examples throughout the story that are very descriptive and horrific in nature, especially for that magazine period.Poe was quite explicit when describing the state of the bodies of the murdered, just as the scenes of the bodies and murders are in CSI. Illustrating the ashes of Madame LEspanaye, Poe describes it as her throat so entirely cut that, upon attempt to move to raise her, the forefront fell off. (62). Poe also gives a telling description of the act of slic ing her throat, which is on page 80 in The Longman Anthology of Detective Fiction, With one determined sweep of its muscular arm it nearly severed her head from her body. Another prime example of gore in this story is the description Dupin gives the narrator of the hair that was undercoat on the hearth, Their roots (a hideous site ) were clotted with fragments of the flesh of the scalp sure token of the pompous power which had been exerted in uprooting perhaps half a million of hairs at a time. (74) These descriptions might not be something that we would consider to be gore by todays standards, but in 1841 when this story was written it very well could have made people faint just reading it.I may be simple in my analysis of this story, believing it to be about mystery and reasoning. I have read other peoples thoughts on the subject of this story, which include break ones backholding. Though I dont necessarily believe that Poe was disguising this story as an uprising against sl avery, Edward Higgins White wrote a life-sustaining essay discussing that topic. His belief is that the true crime in this story is about slavery and that the orangutan is symbolic of this. He argues that the symbolism is mostly in the last section of the story in which the parallels to race and slavery are most notable.White states Given the loaded connotations of key terms of the narrativeescaped, master, dreaded whip, fugitive, razor, and of course the Ourang-Outang itselfit would be nearly impossible to ignore the strong suggestions that the story is about slavery, and specifically about slave resistance. straight I dont totally disagree with those connotations but I dont only believe that Poe was trying to convey that particular message with this story.White questions why Poe feels the need to hide the slave rebel. I ask that same question. I just believe that he is reading too much into the story and is seeing things that are not really there. I do agree, however, that th ere are some strong parallels and that in reading his essay he makes a good argument. White also brings up the Chantilly passage. He summarizes the fifteen-minute walk in silence in which the detective and his companion take and how Dupin describes how he came to know what his friend was thinking about.He says, The basic point of the Chantilly sequence concerns not Dupins intelligence but the narrators ignorance he does not even understand his own thought processes, the associations made in his imagination. It is this revelation that leads him to believe that Dupins subject is not necessarily the crime itself, but the process of assessing the crime, which reaffirms my belief that the story is about reasoning along with mystery. Edgar Allan Poe, the father of the American detective fiction story. Little did he know at the time the trend that he would be dance bandting for all of literary fiction. The Murders in the Rue Morgue set precedents for all detective fiction that would be w ritten after it and it established the fundamentals of the detective story technique that are used today.Poe invented the locked room mystery and I believe the first to write descriptions that could be classified as gore. His unique writing style and characters keep readers coming back and keep authors on their toes trying to emulate his style of writing. After all, with out Dupin there would be no Sherlock Holmes and perhaps the genre of detective fiction would not be as we know it to be now.

Some People Think That They Can Learn Better by Themsleves Than with a Teacher Essay Example for Free

Some People Think That They Can Learn Better by Themsleves Than with a instructor EssayThere has been a great deal written about the studying way of students for the historical thousand years. Educators have started to wonder whether students should take with intructors or not. Some people who are a polish offst this idea whitethorn argue that students ought to study by themsleves, which are likely to block their creativeness. One idea that has received a great deal attention is that the majority of students tend to obtain knowledge from their teachers mainly because of its convenience and utility. This essay will controvert the teachers crucial function is not just the offer of excellent traning method but in like manner an want for student.First and foremost, the wisdom of teachers can help figureers steer their own boat in the ocean of life. For unitary thing, researchers have claimed that intructors may provide students with a wide range of advance knowledge thanks to their in-depth experience. When students learn without asking teachers assistance, they arenot be able to recognize their mistakes on their own and learn opposite difficult aspects in a lesson as well. For example, a number of students are in trouble in mathemartics therefore, is is too ticklish for them to find out the way which in order to solve the problem. Teacher instructs and offers a variety of spear carrier exercises so as to help them afterwards. For another, with teachers, students get the information not only in textbooks and materials but also the teachers knowledge. Almost teachers use adequate knowledge and accumulated experience to find the hidden talents of students. Realizing the students strong and anemic points, which can help instructors implement approriate teaching methods for students.Second, a numerous entertainment activities, namely watching TV, scrutinizing web and convergeing games can distract students when they decide to learn subject by themsel ves at home. found diferrently, teachers force students concentrate on lessons. They also approach a particular topic logically by taking it step by step. Without teachers, students will skip parts of learning process that arenot nesscesary for them, which can landmark their understanding.Opponents of this may state that some people rather to waste their time to go for classes they can learn better with attend online classes by using internet at home since in a competitive world, time is one of the most concerned factors. Further more, there is not specific time, age limit to gain something new in online class. They have a point in thinking like that. On the other hand, they forget the fact that students usually start to feel nervous when exams come knocking at the room access and teachers are able to prevent this situation by some special methods.In conclusion, it is undeniable teachers play important roles to motivate their children to become a successfull person.First, teacher s with wide knowledge always provide students with a good enough direction to acheive goals. Moreover, they can push students in order to focus on the lessons. If this trend continues, more and more intellectual new generation will lay down a prosperous country.

Branding Universities Essay Example for Free

Branding Universities EssayThe finis of the 1990s witnessed the corporatization of popular universities in Malaysia resulting in the commo race of bodied books in these universities and the character of pen Fairclough (1993) bear upons to as the martization of pedantic discourse. Marketization is necessary in public universities due to stiff competition in attracting students among the public universities as well as from the increasing flake of private universities. This denomination reports how Malaysian universities re-brand themselves victimisation the results of an investigating on merged brochures from these universities. The probe employs a structural analysis and a textual analysis. Although informative in nature, these corporate brochures exhibit the habit of promotional elements in the texts as seen in the contents and the language engagement. The communicatory functions of university brochures atomic number 18 viewed to be to a greater extent promoti onal than informative. ABSTRACT KEY WORDS brochures, corporate culture, musical music music music genre analysis, re-branding, universities insane asylum Academic institutions, plowsh aricularly public universities, employ to be regarded as the pinnacle of learning.Most of these universities were reputed for providing the best ordinal education and the mere mention of their attains lit up the faces of those who had the privilege of learning from these fountains of knowledge and those who aspired to be associated with them. at that locate was a time when admission was by invitation solitary(prenominal), other(a)wise young men and women were seen essay to gain admission into these prestigious institutions. These public universities acquired a promotional value (Wernick, 1991) without having to promote or market themselves.In advertising marges, these universities did not go through the process of branding. Branding is a fundamental strategical process of effectively tra de a return or go which includes creating a brand name and identity, designing Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 58 hold forth Communication 2(1) the packaging and promoting the product or inspection and repair (Rand all in all, 1997). Although Randall (1997) argues that brands (and thitherfore branding) are so fundamentally important to the survival and conquest of many firms (p.2), this was not the grimace in public universities in the past.This is significantly due to the feature that these donnish institutions were claimed to be free from other influences as evidenced by Cardinal Newmans view of universities cited by Wernick (1991) as . . . the high def wind up power of all knowledge and science, of fact and principle, of inquiry and discovery, of experiment and speculation it maps out the territory of the intellect, and sees that . . . thither is neither encroachment nor surrender from any side . . .(Cardinal Newman, 1847, c ited in Wernick, 1991151) That was the traditional image of public universities, single-handed of political or societal influence and this image was not built by advertising or branding. As centres of academia, public universities were known for their attribute education establish on the results of their graduates and their performance in the careers they embarked on upon graduation. As years passed, more aspiring young people would apply for admission in certain universities due to their personality.This reputation in turn became theimage of the universities which automatically created the promotional value (Wernick, 1991) of these universities, menti peerlessd earlier as the pinnacle of learning. Each university was identified by its name or logotype and no further promotional strategies were required. By providing quality education, these universities successfully built a distinct brand personality (Randall, 1997 67) for themselves as the success of branding is justified wh en people are reminded of a imageicular brand just by face at the logo or hearing its brand name.The traditional role of public universities was to manage parliamentary law (Jarvis, 2001) by producing scholars in the various fields of study so that they can go out to im score the world a better property to live or join the academia to continue producing scholars. However, towards the end of the twentieth century, the role of universities started changing from serving the state in managing society to serving the industry and work in ensuring that people are employable (Jarvis, 2001).This is splitly due to the demands of the contemporary knowledge-based society (Veitch, 1999) where consumers have plump more knowledgeable and have started demanding for better education and improved quality of life. Changes started taking place in public universities in the West as early as the 1980s where the governments were forced to abolish schoolman tenure and decrease funding for these un iversities.This was when many traditional universities started transforming into corporate universities (Jarvis, 2001) where they have to assume a more corporate form and function more like a corporation. From be the centre of academe, universities have rifle business-like entities (Connell and Galasinski, 1998). In Malaysia, a number of public universities have recently been corporatized, a move taken by the Malaysian government in its effort to inculcate better and more efficient management of these institutions.As corporate culture (Treadwell and Treadwell, 2000) is a saucily culture in all these universities, most of them Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 Osman Re-branding academic institutions with corporate advertising have set up corporate communications departments (Hajibah Osman, 2005) to handle corporate matters. Among the functions of these departments are managing corporate breeding and publication and projecting a positive image of the universities which are part of corporate advertising.Corporate advertising Business corporations use corporate advertising to enhance the image of the unit organization, or of the oecumenical brand in cabaret to influence social values or to ground a connection between the corporation/brand and an already naturalized positive value and in this era of identity, a lot of emphasis has been put on the importance of brand and corporate identities (Richards et al. , 2000). hostile business organizations, universities are non-profit institutions.Public universities are viewed to use corporate advertising to enhance the strong animal foot and to highlight the quality of these institutions of higher education. While it is common for business corporations to publish informative or promotional literature from time to time to inform the public about new phylogenesiss in the organization (monthly or yearly reports) or to introduce new products or overhauls (product launch l eaflets), the use of promotional literature in academic institutions is a recent phylogeny.Malaysian public universities have started producing informative literature in the form of university brochures and picky booklets in conjunction with certain celebrations in the universities as well as promotional literature in the form of leaflets providing brief information on academic programmes offered by the universities or introducing new programmes (Hajibah Osman, 2005). By employing new strategies to market their traditional image, from the advertising perspective, these universities are re-branding their products and services.Re-branding is the process of marketing an existing product or service of one brand with a different identity involving radical changes to the brand name, logo, image, marketing outline and advertising themes (Wikipedia, 2006). In the advertising industry, re-branding is often referred to as re-positioning, that is, re-positioning a product or service in orde r to improve sales. Although there was no actual initial branding taking place in universities, being non-profit making institutions, the term re-branding is use in this article to illustrate the change in the image of these universities particularly since the late 20th century.Significantly, this change has been effected without compromising the traditional characteristics and values of these institutions as the pinnacle of higher learning. The process of re-branding is aimed at improving the image of the universities by foc victimisation on the facilities and spotlight the quality of the academic programmes. This article attempts to investigate the process of re-branding in public universities in Malaysia by conducting a genre analysis on university brochures, one type of print materials promulgated by the institutions that re designate corporate advertising.Analysing genres can lead to a thick description (Bhatia, 1993) Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 59 60 Discourse Communication 2(1) of the texts contained in these genres, explaining why certain texts have been constructed the way they are. The specific objective of this article is to discover and discuss the strategies used in the re-branding process based on the structural organization of university brochures and the communicative functions of this type of brochure.Previous investigations of advertising genres mostly focused on straightsell advertisements of products or services. Bruthiaux (2000), for instance, investigated how advertisers make use of a expressage space available to them to create successful advertising copies by examining the syntactical features in an undisclosed number of display and classified advertisements. His results show that the degree of syntactic elaboration varies substantially even when content of partake simplicity/complexity or familiarity to readers is being presented.This variation appears to correlate with perception s of status on the parts of both writers and readers (p. 298) and the persuasive elements lie in the vacuous displays of linguistic sophistication designed to create a generally artificial sense of exclusiveness among status-conscious readers (p. 369). Investigations have also been conducted on the language of advertising in Asia, for instance, Tej Bhatias (2000) investigation of language of advertising in Rural India and Henry and Roseberrys (1998) investigation of the linguistic features in tourist information brochures from Brunei.Thus off the beaten track(predicate), there have been very few linguistic analyses conducted on the genre of corporate advertising. Therefore, the genre selected for analysis in this article is brochure, specifically corporate brochure from academic institutions. A brochure is a printed document of six or more pages, used to introduce an organization, published only once and distri notwithstandinged to special publics for a single purpose (Newsom and Carrell, 2001).The discourse community of Public Relations (PR) specifies flipper characteristics of brochures, three of which are related to the present article always having a singular message teaching having a purpose to persuade or to inform and educate and attracting and holding the attention of the audience. Brochure genre makes an interesting study because, first, this genre is viewed as a blurred genre (a term borrowed from Scollon et al. , 1999) in that the term brochure has been used to refer to other forms of publications including booklet, flyer, leaflet and pamphlet (Newsom and Carrell, 2001).Second, a brochure is a genre of persuasive discourse shaping the thoughts, feelings and lives of the public (Dyer, 1993) placing it under the field of advertising. However, according to Newsom and Carrell (2001), brochures are produced by PR practitioners rather than advertising practitioners. This is belike due to the fact that PR, among other things, incorporates looking af ter the reputation of an organization with the aim of earning understanding and software documentation, and influencing opinion and behaviour (Beard, 2001 7).The question of ownership arises placing brochures in an even more blurred state as the communicative functions of brochures have been set by the discourse community to which the genre belongs. In the context of this article, brochures are categorized as a corporate genre (basically PR) involving the principles of corporate penning (Treadwell Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 Osman Re-branding academic institutions with corporate advertising and Treadwell, 2000). Brochures are readily available, particularly in print version, and are easily accessible electronically.Finally, brochure genre needs to be investigated because brochure format is one of the most frequently used information formats in advertising and PR entirely is ironically the least written-about (Bivins and Ryan, 1991 ). Corporate genre in academic institutions This article establishes that any publications from universities, particularly those produced by the Corporate or Public Relations Office, are referred to as corporate genre. Corporate brochures are usually categorized as informative brochures (Richards et al. , 2000) providing all the necessary information about the organizations they illustrate.There are certain corporate elements present to qualify them as corporate brochures, but mostly these brochures are informative. However, an analysis of corporate brochures from multinational corporations by Askehave and Swales (2001) prove that these brochures also function to promote the organization. This is evident in the presence of promotional elements selected as syntactic choices in these brochures. Corporate brochures also function to establish long-lasting trading relationships which are in fact paramount in todays industrial market.Hajibah Osman (2005) also notes that corporate brochur es from academic institutions are promotional in nature with the use of promotional strategies apart from corporate and informative strategies. Another corporate genre in academic institutions, the university prospectus, started changing in form in the 1990s (Fairclough, 1993) where apart from providing information on the core business of the university, that is, the academic programmes, the prospectus has also included information on other aspects of the universities. ground on a critical discourse analysis of prospectuses from a number of British universities, Fairclough notes that these universities started promoting their programmes because they have watch over increasingly under (mostly governments) pressure to operate like other types of businesses competing to sell their products to consumers. The university prospectus has come a genre of consumer advertising colonising professional and public service orders of discourse on a wide scale, generating many new hybrid partly p romotional genres (Fairclough, 1993 139).Academic institutions in Malaysia have also published promotional leaflets (Hajibah Osman, 2005) to advertise their academic programmes and these are circulated to potential students particularly before a new academic year begins. These leaflets are no longer the plain, boring information sheets but colourful and interesting ones. This article concurs with Askehave and Swales (2001) that corporate brochures function as promotional brochures more than projecting the corporate image and providing information.Thus, the investigation in this article attempts to find and discuss the strategies that realize the promotional functions in this type of brochure as part of the re-branding process in public universities. Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 61 62 Discourse Communication 2(1) methodology In 2005, there were 11 public universities in Malaysia ( surely, there are 20). Brochures were obtained from the 11 universities and were initially analysed to identify the possible structural organization.Based on the organization, the communicative functions of these brochures were determined. The 11 public universities included in this investigation are International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM/UIA) Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS) Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) Universiti Perguruan Sultan Idris (UPSI) Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) University of Malaya (UM).A textual analysis was conducted to examine the strategies used in the rebranding process. The strategies in the context of this article are tactical choices (Bhatia, 1993) which are cognitive processes exploited by the writer to make writing more effective belongings in mind any special reader requirements, considerations arising from the use of medium or constraints imposed by organizational and other factors (p. 20).The strategies used by universities in re-branding the institutions are discussed within the framework of the sociolinguistic theory which considers writing as part of the boilers suit activities of a group and organization (Gunnarsson, 1997 140) and in relation to the corporate culture (Hagberg and Heifetz, 2000) practised by the universities. As a genre is a typical form of utterances, it should be studied in its social contexts of use (Berkenkotter and Huckin, 1993).Sociolinguistics does not only describe linguistic variation and the social context in which such a variation occurs, but also shows how linguistic differentiation reflects social social structure (Coupland, 2001). The sociolinguistic perspective in this article considers the existence of factors underpinning the construction of university brochures and the notion of promotional culture (Wernick, 1991). Re-branding academic institutions It has been established that university brochures form part of the corporate advertising strategies in Malaysian universities which in turn are part of the rebranding process in these traditional institutions.The structural organization in these brochures consists of 10 sections identified as moves (Table 1). Some of the moves are exemplified with extracts from the university brochures in Figure 1 (see Appendix). In identifying the moves, the term service is used to refer to the educational services and the support services offered by the universities. All the brochures from the 11 universities include Moves I, C, L, D, J and S, indicating that these six moves are obligatory. Ninety-one share of the brochures include Moves A, T and E, while 81 percent include Move V, making them optional moves.The 10 moves have been used to realize three communicative functions of the university brochures which are To inform the public about the academic programmes offered in the university and the facilitie s and other services available to support the academic programmes Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 Osman Re-branding academic institutions with corporate advertising To portray a corporate image of the university and To promote the university as an academic institution based on the quality and the variety of academic programmes offered as well as the facilities available.These communicative functions of university brochures correspond with the general functions of brochures (Newsom and Carrell, 2001) set by the discourse community of PR. Re-branding strategies The 10 sections in university brochures have been identified as moves and these moves are realized with the use of strategies, and for the purpose of discussion in this article, re-branding strategies. The article discusses how the strategies contribute to the re-branding process and what their communicative functions are. image AND LOGO The first move in university brochures is c alled identifying the service which presents the name and the logo of the university. Although the brochures are in position language, the names of the universities are in Malay, the national language of Malaysia except two universities, International Islamic University Malaysia and University of Malaya. The names of the public universities were officially changed to Malay when the national language was made the medium of instruction in the mid-1970s.In the quality of IIUM, however, the acronym by which it is commonly referred to by Malaysians is the Malay version, UIA. Similarly, University of Malaya is now popularly known as Universiti Malaya (UM). Interestingly, alumni up to the early 1980s still refer to this oldest university in the country as MU (Malaya University). TA B L E 1. Structural organization of university brochures Section Move identification Name of the university University guide word or proverb Vision/Mission statement Profile or background of the university Location and size of the universityAcademic programmes offered at the university Facilities available to support the academic programmes Entry requirements, fees charged and duration of the programmes Career opportunities and recognition received by the university Contact addresses and telephone numbers Identifying the service (I) Attracting reader attention (A) Targeting the market (T) Establishing credentials (C) Locating the service (L) Describing the service (D) Justifying the service (J) Indicating the value of service (V) Endorsing the value of service (E) Soliciting response (S)Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 63 64 Discourse Communication 2(1) In the past, universities were identified by their crests but now these crests have been generally referred to as logos. Although it cannot be ascertained when the change exactly took place, this is the first re-branding strategy. However, this is not an obvious re-branding element because some(a)what of the established traditional universities in the world still use the term crest, for example, Oxford University (http//www. ox. ac. uk/web/crest.shtml).As far as Malaysian universities are concerned, both terms are similar and a recent review of the university websites shows that most of the public universities in Malaysia refer to the crest as the logo while two universities (UKM and USM) refer to them as emblems. Most of the websites also provide the rationale for the design of the logo (e. g. UiTM, UPM). Whether used as crest, logo or emblem, interestingly, there are two common shapes find the shape of a shield (six universities) and a round shape (five universities) (Figure 2, see Appendix).The shape of USMs emblem differs significantly from other logos in that it resembles a state emblem. This qualifies for the use of the term emblem (a heraldic device or symbolic object as a distinctive badge of a nation, organization or family Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus , 2001) by the university. Although the current shape of UPSIs logo is round, it once had the shape of a shield (Figure 3, see Appendix). Compared with the logos of established universities which include traditional designs representing the academe, the current logos of Malaysian public universities include elements of modern designs.In fact, some of these logos have gone through some kind of exploitation as in the case of UiTM, UPM and UPSI. UPM evolved from a training school to a college to a university focusing on agriculture. Later, the university started including more discip defines and the name was changed from Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Malaysia University of Agriculture) to Universiti Putra Malaysia (Putra University of Malaysia) in 1997, taking after the name of the first prime minister at the same time keeping the same acronym. UPSI and UiTM underwent almost similar evolution from a centre to a college to an institute and finally to a university.Throughout the evolut ion, the logos have also gone through many changes where the concept compound in the logos mainly represents the focus of the university. While UPSIs logo changed in shape but not in concept, UiTMs and UPMs logos underwent a total facelift (Figure 3, see Appendix). This is probably due to the fact that UPSIs focus of training teachers remains throughout. MOTTO AND SLOGAN A aphorism is a short sentence or phrase that expresses a rule for sensible behaviour, especially a way of behaving in a particular situation (Collins Cobuild Dictionary, 2001).Most of the university logos have the motto engraved on them as the motto represents the culture or the way of life in the university. Once again, all the mottos of the public universities are in Malay. The more established universities still retain this culture inscribed in the logo as seen in UMs motto (translated as) Knowledge, the Source of Development, UPSIs Knowledge, the Beacon of gross(a) Character, UTMs By the Name of God for Mank ind and UUMs Scholarship, Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009Osman Re-branding academic institutions with corporate advertising Virtue, Service. UPSI keeps the same motto inscribed on the logo throughout its evolution but UiTM left out its motto of 39 years from its new logo. The newly established universities (UMS and UNIMAS) do not have a motto inscribed in their logos.While a motto is a traditional feature of a public university, having a slogan is a new phenomenon. A slogan is a distinctive catchphrase that serves as a motto for a promotion campaign (Wells et al., 2003) used to sum up a theme for the benefit of the product or the service in order to deliver a message in a few words which are easily recorded.There are two types of slogans (Russell and Lane, 1990) hard-sell slogans are strongly competitive, epitomizing the special significant features of the product or service being advertised. Institutional slogans establish a prestigiou s image for companies which they need in order to enhance their products or services. Slogans in university brochures fall under the category of institutional slogans.Again, it cannot be ascertained when universities started creating slogans but there is a strong probability that they started at the same time when Malaysian public universities were undergoing corporatization in the late 20th century. Slogans started appearing on brochures and prospectuses of these public universities. The use of slogans has been viewed as a significant re-branding strategy as slogans represent the most promotional element in advertising. The purpose of having a slogan is to attract the readers attention and to let it linger on the readers mind.According to Russell and Lane (1990), the memorability of slogans can be enhanced by making use of literary techniques. These techniques consist of certain types of words including Boldness use of strong powerful words, and startling or unexpected phrases Parallelism use of a repeated structure of a sentence or phrase Rhyme, rhythm, alliteration use of repeated sounds Aptness use of appropriate, get hold of words (Russell and Lane, 1990). Slogans in university brochures have been created based on good advertising principles as they have been observed to make use of the literary techniques, for example boldness Garden of Knowledge and Virtue (IIUM) parallelism The home(a) University with an International Reach (UKM) aptness Your Inspiration parallelism Contemporary and Forward Looking (UNIMAS) boldness Towards a World-Class University (UPM) boldness Towards Excellence and Supremacy (UPSI) Boldness is exemplified with words such as virtue, frontmost and supremacy where the universities are bold enough to associate themselves with such high stature. Traditionally, public universities are centres of academe which do not portray an image of flaunting.Slogans using parallelism aim for jingle-like sounds so that readers can reme mber them easily while aptness acts like punchlines, strong and effective to be easily remembered. The bottom line is that a slogan is an Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 65 66 Discourse Communication 2(1) advertising concept and a marketing tool. The fact that public universities as nonprofit making academic institutions use slogans place them in a different light. They are currently functioning more like business entities. missionary work STATEMENT This move is identified as targeting the market based on the communicative functions of the mission statements. A mission statement provides information about what type of organization it is and what it does (Falsey, 1989) at the same time highlighting the positive factors in the organization. Stating the mission of the university is viewed as one of the two crucial strategies (the other being using slogans) in re-branding academic institutions as this move never appeared in academic genres before.This move has placed public universities in the same league as other successful corporations. Mission statements of public universities in Malaysia are observed to provide information as to what and how they can contribute to the public in terms of tertiary education as highlighted (underlined) in the following examples (10) To bend a distinguished university, aspiring to promote academic excellence in higher education and professional training necessary for the countrys socio-economic development (UiTM).(11) To be a prime(a) university seeking excellence in the emanation of knowledge to meet the aspirations of the nation (UM) (12) To become an exemplary university of internationally acknowledged stature and as a scholarly institution of predilection and choice for students and academics through the pursuit of excellence in teaching, research and scholarship (UNIMAS) (13) To lead in the development of creative human resource and technology in line with the aspirations of the nation (UTM).The words distinguished, premier, and exemplary are used to emphasize the quality of the universities. Other words like excellence, advancement and stature as well as to lead are all bold words of call by the universities. PROFILE OF THE UNIVERSITY This section is identified as the move to establish the credentials of the university as it provides information on the background and/or the current status of the university.The background information includes the date of establishment and the tenableness for the establishment while information on the current status of the university usually includes the achievements of the university in terms of academic programmes and physical development as well as the quality of the programmes offered. This move is supposed to be informational but there are a number of instances where the brochures provide the information on the current status of the university using promotional words and phrases. For example (14) UNIMAS is an ISO -certified university . . .Its undergraduate programmes have been designed to suit the needs of society and industry. Downloaded from http//dcm. sagepub. com by Heemal Kasseean on October 9, 2009 Osman Re-branding academic institutions with corporate advertising An ISO certification for an organization confirms the quality of that organization and it is now a common practice among public universities to obtain such certification to convince the public about the quality of the university, particularly the academic programmes on offer. Universities with ISO certification usually highlight it in their brochures as a strategy to promote the institutions.Other instances of promotional words can be observed in the following examples (15) The university is the gas for regional growth in the northern region of Peninsula Malaysia (UUM) (16) From these humble beginnings, UM grew hand-in-hand with the young nation to become the centre for producing graduates of the highest quality and calibr e. The word catalyst denotes the importance of the university in the regional growth of the northern region of the country, without which there would not have been much growth in that region, thus promoting the import of the university.Similarly, the word nucleus conveys the significance of UM to the developing nation. Another instance is when a university states the commitment of the university to the public or the nation. UPM boldly states its commitment to become a worldclass university to convince the public to come and enrol in this university. (17) Named Universiti Putra Malaysia in honour of the pioneering Prime look of Malaysia, . . . has adopted this pioneering spirit and is committed to become the world class Univers.