Research Design

Research DesignThis chapter exposit the methodology that has been employ to c ar this look into. It included the query approaches, explore human body, race and sampling, selective information pullion proficiencys, research instrument, data analysis, cogency and reliability test, fender study, and the ethics related to this research.Research ApproachesThere be three types of approaches to guide on research which are* Qualitative* Quantitative* MixedIn this research quantitative approach has been employ because the researcher had determined the affinity surrounded by variables. Quantitative research approach is used when it is important to establish step to the fore the relationship between one thing (an in mutually beneficial variable) and a nonher (a capable or vector sum variable) in a tribe. Hopkins (2000) had defined quantitative research that only measure variables and that aim to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables to determ ine an association. Quantitative research design is an outstanding substance of finalizing results and proving or disproving a hypothesis. The structure has not changed for centuries, so is standard across many scientific fields and disciplines. Research DesignThere are three types of research design* Descriptive* Correlational* Causal-comparative* Experimentalcorrelational research design is used to relate two or much variables and correlation results show whether the relationship exists among variables or not. After analyzing the correlations results the reversion key the variability in dependent variable due to the explanatory variables. The everyplace all causeing for use correlation was to analyze the relationship and regression to analyze how well the prediction can be made. In this research multiple regression analysis has been used.The reason for using correlational design in this research was to analyze the relationship between products new features and disgrace option and Correlation coefficients was used to provide the degree and direction of relationship between the product new features and brand choice. In this research regression analysis described that how much variability in brand choice was caused by new features.Population and samplingStatisticians define a nation as the entire get togethering of items that is the focus of concern. Sampling is indispensable technique of behavioral research the research work cannot be undertaken without use of sampling. (David S.Fox) suggested that In the social sciences, it is not possible to collect data from fractional die of the respondents to our study but only from some fractional part of the respondents. The put to work of selecting the fractional part is called sampling.In this research Karachi has been taken as the population and Business University students selected as sample. The sample size was 150. There are two types of sampling Random and Non-Random Sampling in this research ele mental Random Sampling has been used. Simple random sampling is defined by Castillo, Joan Joseph (2009) In this technique, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected as subject. The entire process of sampling is done in a single step with each subject selected independently of the other members of the population.In this research simple random sampling was used because it represents whole population and covered different demographics which were requisite. Moreover, it is unbiased weft and important to draw shutdown from the results of study.Data collectionFor conducting any research it is very important to collect relevant data that suits the methodology and research design. Mark Saunders et. Al (2006) explained that in unproblematic data collection different methods are used such as manifestation, observation, focus group. There are two types of data collection techniques Primary and Secondary Data Collection. In this research primary data has been used.Data that never gathered to begin with is called primary data. The reason for selecting primary data source was that through primary data the needed information could be gathered that suited the purpose of research as it is not published.Research instrumentResearch instrument is a exam device for measuring a given phenomenon. In this research, questionnaires were used to gather information which are the most widely used survey data collection techniques. Through questionnaire each person (respondent) is asked to respond to the same(p) flush off of questions, it provides efficient way of collecting responses from a large sample foregoing to quantitative analysis.This research involved survey with structured questionnaire to gather nab dilate. Although people generally use the term survey and questionnaire interchangeably, the term survey is used as a general category with questionnaire and interviews as particularized methodologies to conduct survey research (Gay, 1992). The reason for using structured questionnaire was the questions asked were precisely decided in advance. Close-ended questions are particularly useful where the study motion concerns to factual issues with a limited range of responses.The overall reason for using structured questionnaire and close ended questions was that it supported the research technique that obtain been used in this research for the testing.Validity and ReliabilityReliability is used to measure the consistency of the data which is used to analyze the instrument whether it provides the same results if it is used in the same way and same conditions with the same objects repeatedly. superstar thing that is very important to remember that reliability is not measured, it is estimated.Shuttleworth, Martyn (2008) suggested that before analyzing any data, however, and even before testing any subjects, the issues of variable selection and control, reliability, and validity must be addressed. The simplest definition o f validity is that degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure Gay (1992).Validity is the accuracy of the results and the capacity of the conclusions. Cook and Campbell (1979) define it as the best available approximation to the dependable play or falsity of a given inference, proposition or conclusion. Each type of validity would highlight a different aspect of the relationship between treatment and observed outcome.There are quartet types of validity Conclusion, Internal, Construct and External validity. In this research internal validity was used as it analyzed the relationship between the program and the outcome and causal relationship. Validity is more important than reliability because if an instrument does not finishedly measure there is no reason to use it even if it measures consistently. The objective of analyzing the reliability and the validity of the data is to check how much accurate relationship between the measure and underlying trait it is tr ying to measure. wing studyPilot study is the small scale rehearsal of the large research design. This technique refers to a smaller scale version of the examine and equipment tests are the important part of sub-group of experiments.Pilot studies can be ground on quantitative and/or qualitative methods and large-scale studies might employ a number of pilot program studies before the main survey is conducted. frankincense researchers may start with qualitative data collection and analysis on a relatively unexplored topic, using the results to design a accompanying quantitative phase of the study (Tashakkori Teddlie 1998 47).In this study the reasons for using pilot testing was to develop and test adequacy of research instruments. It was also used for assessing the feasibility of full scale study, designing research protocol, analyzing the sample coordinate system and research technique and collecting preliminary data.In this study 30 out of 150 respondents were used for the pu rpose of pilot study.Ethical statusEthics refers to the appropriateness of researcher behavior in relation to the right field of subject of work which is affected by research. Wells (1994) defines ethics in terms of a code of behavior appropriate to academics and the code of conduct of research . In this research by following rules of ethics, all details of participants were remained confidential and they were completely informed related to the nature of the study, they were given fair consideration and personal biasness didnt hamper the way of research, and the results were accurately represented as they were told and observed.Data Analysis